Foght et al (1985) estimated that there are 103 anaerobic heterotrophs and 104 sulfate-reducing prokaryotes per milliliter in the tailings pond, based on conventional most probable number methods. They observed that DT and AASs had profound effects on the mechanical, hydraulic, and microstructural properties, enabling a good durability and the refined geotechnical characteristics of hardened CPB for the corresponding materials used in the current paper too. [19]. F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. These ponds are also vulnerable to major breaches or leaks from the dams, causing environmental disasters. the waste that remains after the minerals have been extracted from an ore by ore dressing; gangue, slimes. Copyright 2020 Ferdi Cihangir and Yunus Akyol. S. I. Sveinson, Characterization of tailings for paste backfill system design, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999, MSc thesis. The data supporting the findings of this study are included in the article. This would allow the current use of riverine disposal to cease. Although harmless underground, these minerals are reactive toward air in the presence of microorganisms, which if not properly managed lead to acid mine drainage.

googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); [5], Red mud, now more frequently termed bauxite residue, is an industrial waste generated during the processing of bauxite into alumina using the Bayer process. Between 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the processing of phosphate rock for the production of phosphate fertilizers. The sustainability challenge in the management of tailings and waste rock is to dispose of material, such that it is inert or, if not, stable and contained, to minimise water and energy inputs and the surface footprint of wastes and to move toward finding alternate uses. To talk badly about; to malign or denigrate (someone). These are well consistent with the findings of [22].

Cai, and G. Huang, Coupled effect of cement hydration and temperature on rheological properties of fresh cemented tailings backfill slurry,. Alp, Cemented paste backfill of sulphide-rich tailings: importance of binder type and dosage,, B. Ercikdi, F. Cihangir, A. Kesimal, H. Deveci, and . as highly damaging, while the owners claim that it is not harmful.

The modern tailings designer has a range of tailings products to choose from depending upon how much water is removed from the slurry prior to discharge. Tailings are sometimes mixed with other materials such as bentonite to form a thicker slurry that slows the release of impacted water to the environment.

'); Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of tailings. There is a growing use of the practice of dewatering tailings using vacuum or pressure filters so the tailings can then be stacked. Depending on the price achievable on the uranium market, extraction of the uranium content may be economically lucrative even absent other incentives, such as reducing the harm the radioactive heavy metals do to the environment. (function() { var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol;

Since they accelerate the densification of mature fine tailings, the tailings ponds are enabled to settle the solids more quickly so that the tailings can be reclaimed earlier.

Higher water-retention capacity of fine tailings led to higher total porosities. [24], Tailings do not have to be stored in ponds or sent as slurries into oceans, rivers or streams. [26] It is also critical[according to whom?] Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife, D. R. Nagaraj "Minerals Recovery and Processing" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-VCH, Franks, DM, Boger, DV, Cte, CM, Mulligan, DR. 2011.

This solid will become mature fine tailings by gravity. [clarification needed] This slurry is a dilute stream of the tailings solids within water that was sent to the tailings storage area. Mining question: difference between slag and sludge, http://www.ninemilerun.org/slag-in-the-park/. 36. [19], The fraction of tailings to ore can range from 9098% for some copper ores to 2050% of the other (less valuable) minerals.

However, unless a non-permeable capping method is used, water that infiltrates into the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future.

In other words, these methanogens improve the coefficient of utilization. Terms of Use A. Kesimal, F. Cihangir, B. Ercikdi, H. Deveci, and I. Alp, F. G. Collins and J. G. Sanjayan, Workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated slag concrete,, C. Duran Atis, C. Bilim, O. Celik, and O. Karahan, Influence of activator on the strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortar,, F. Collins and J. G. Sanjayan, Effects of ultra-fine materials on workability and strength of concrete containing alkali-activated slag as the binder,, A. R. Brough, M. Holloway, J. Sykes, and A. Atkinson, Sodium silicate-based alkali-activated slag mortars,, F. Collins and J. G. Sanjayan, Early age strength and workability of slag pastes activated by NaOH and Na2CO3,, F. A. Memon, M. F. Nuruddin, and N. Shafiq, Effect of silica fume on the fresh and hardened properties of fly ash-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete,, S. Cao, E. Yilmaz, and W. Song, Evaluation of viscosity, strength and microstructural properties of cemented tailings backfill,, S. Clayton, T. G. Grice, and D. V. Boger, Analysis of the slump test for on-site yield stress measurement of mineral suspensions,, S. J. Mahlaba and P. C. Pretorius, Exploring paste technology as a co-disposal option for fly ash and brines, in. [9] Coal refuse is distinct from the byproducts of burning coal, such as fly ash. Therefore, DT displayed lower water contents and porosities with increase in the curing time by 1826% and 1520% in average, respectively. Impurities]] formed and separated out when a metal is smelted from ore; [[vitrify, vitrified cinders. These findings may be attributed to the faster rate of water drainage in case of deslimed tailings and the faster settling of the coarser particles. White and E. Pichler, Water-sorption characteristics of clay minerals, Illinois State Geological Survey Circular, IL, USA, 1959. The porosity of materials was reported to decrease while higher solid content was obtained in the case of lower water-to-cement ratios [78, 83]. //--> Given the considerations above, not only does DT provide significant practical advantages in some aspects such as reducing water content (Figure 3) but it may also decrease the pore water pressure on barricades during mining activities, therefore reducing the potential risks of liquefaction due to the blasting activities [67, 68, 86]. The Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management recommends a "a human rights due diligence process is required to identify and address those that are most at risk from a tailings facility or its potential failure.

Paste tailings are used in several locations around the world including Sunrise Dam in Western Australia and Bulyanhulu Gold Mine in Tanzania. W. A. (UK, pejorative) A contemptible person, a scumbag. However, internationally, these practices are poor, sometimes violating human rights, and the first UN-level standard for tailing management was established to mitigate these risks in 2020.[2]. Effect of AAS and DT on the water content levels of CPBs over curing time. Effect of Desliming of Tailings on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Paste Backfill Made from Alkali-Activated Slag, Department of Mining Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, M. Fall and M. Benzaazoua, Modeling the effect of sulphate on strength development of paste backfill and binder mixture optimization,, W. Sui, D. Zhang, Z. C. Cui, Z. Wu, and Q. Zhao, Environmental implications of mitigating overburden failure and subsidences using paste-like backfill mining: a case study,, A. Tariq and E. K. Yanful, A review of binders used in cemented paste tailings for underground and surface disposal practices,, X. Chen, X. Shi, J. Zhou, X. See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. Alp, Utilization of industrial waste products as pozzolanic material in cemented paste backfill of high sulphide mill tailings,, B. Ercikdi, A. Kesimal, F. Cihangir, H. Deveci, and . googletag.pubads().setTargeting("forum_title", "The Padded Room"); A. Kesimal, H. Deveci, B. Ercikdi, and F. Cihangir. Because of these and other environmental concerns, such as groundwater leakage, toxic emissions, or bird death, tailing piles and ponds often are under regulatory scrutiny. Effect of desliming of the tailings on the properties of fresh CPB mixtures. Over 95% of the alumina produced globally is through the Bayer process; for every tonne of alumina produced, approximately 1 to 1.5 tonnes of red mud are also produced. Water-retention characteristics of the tailings.

No. This study has demonstrated the influence of desliming and AAS as binder on the workability and geotechnical properties of CPBs. var sidebar_align = ''; [22], Phytostabilisation is a form of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. Figure 7 shows the porosity levels of FT and DT samples. Chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of binders. Use of DT and AAS combinations provided 410-fold strengths compared to the CPBs made from FT-OPC. Tailings deposits tend to be located in rural areas or near marginalized communities, such as indigenous communities. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. [18], Mine tailings may have economic value in carbon sequestration due to the large exposed surface area of the minerals. var sidebar_width = parseInt('300px'); Teton Gravity Research [20] The rejected minerals and rocks liberated through mining and processing have the potential to damage the environment by releasing toxic metals (arsenic and mercury being two major culprits), by acid drainage (usually by microbial action on sulfide ores), or by damaging aquatic wildlife that rely on clear water (vs suspensions). [1] Subaqueous storage of tailings has also been used.[1]. The removal of water not only can create a better storage system in some cases (e.g. Q. Chen, Q. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Xiao, and Q. Hu, A hydraulic gradient model of paste-like crude tailings backfill slurry transported by a pipeline system,, D. Hewitt, S. Allard, and P. Radziszewski, Pipe lining abrasion testing for paste backfill operations,, X. J. Deng, B. Klein, J. X. Zhang, D. Hallbom, and B. de Wit, Time-dependent rheological behaviour of cemented backfill mixture,, B. Ercikdi, F. Cihangir, A. Kesimal, and H. Deveci, Practical importance of tailings for cemented paste backfill, in, B. Koohestani, T. Belem, A. Koubaa, and B. Bussire, Experimental investigation into the compressive strength development of cemented paste backfill containing Nano-silica,, L. Lang, K.-I. var sidebar_width = parseInt('300px'); [1] Large earthen dams may be constructed and then filled with the tailings.

Van Deventer, The interrelationship between surface chemistry and rheology in alkali activated slag paste,, A. J. Ayadi, J. Soro, A. Kamoun, and S. Baklouti, Study of clays mineralogy effect on rheological behavior of ceramic suspensions using an experimental design,, B. Ersoy, A. Evcin, T. Uygunoglu, Z. [29], As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Moreover, these methanogens change the structure of the tailings pond and help the pore water efflux to be reused for processing oil sands. Mineralogical compositions of FT (a) and DT (b). [81] used sodium silicate as additive to Portland cement for CPB preparation and found that the cement containing sodium silicate significantly decreased the porosity and refined the pore structure of CPB. [12][13], Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure. shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product. 2. pp 114122. Moreover, the water released from the tailings can be used in the procedure of refining oil. Dewatering is an important part of pond storage, as the tailings are added to the storage facility the water is removed usually by draining into decant tower structures. Alp, Effect of natural pozzolans as mineral admixture on the performance of cemented-paste backfill of sulphide-rich tailings,, B. Ercikdi, F. Cihangir, A. Kesimal, H. Deveci, and . Therefore, these results can be related to the better bonding and dense packing capacity of sodium silicate promoting more condensed binding gel structure leading to refinement of porosity [82]. growing up in Pittsburgh I can remember hot slag being dumped like lava into slag dumps. Tailing ponds are often somewhat dangerous because they attract wildlife such as waterfowl or caribou as they appear to be a natural pond, but they can be highly toxic and harmful to the health of these animals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 'https:' : 'http:') + [28], Siddique (2006, 2007) states that methanogens in the tailings pond live and reproduce by anaerobic degradation, which will lower the molecular weight from naphtha to aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and methane. [18] The ponded water is of some benefit as it minimizes fine tailings from being transported by wind into populated areas where the toxic chemicals could be potentially hazardous to human health; however, it is also harmful to the environment. googletag.enableServices();

More details can be found elsewhere [22]. In most environments, not a particularly environmentally sound practice, it has seen significant utilisation in the past, leading to such spectacular environmental damage as done by the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company in Tasmania to the King River, or the poisoning from the Panguna mine on Bougainville Island, which led to large-scale civil unrest on the island, and the eventual permanent closing of the mine.[22]. However, co-disposal has been successfully implemented by several designers including AMEC at, for example, the Elkview Mine in British Columbia.

[17] Tailings dams are often the most significant environmental liability for a mining project. Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Song, D. Lao, and T.-H. Kwon, Rheological properties of cemented tailing backfill and the construction of a prediction model,, H. M. Khater, Studying the effect of thermal and acid exposure on alkali-activated slag geopolymer,, J. J. Cilliers and A. L. Hinde, An improved hydrocyclone model for backfill preparation,, H. Jiang, Z. Qi, E. Yilmaz, J. Han, J. Qiu, and C. Dong, Effectiveness of alkali-activated slag as alternative binder on workability and early age compressive strength of cemented paste backfills,. In fact, LSS-S appears to improve the workability properties of CPB presumably due to its dispersant effect on fine particles. Found this long article about it. As a result, significant effort is being invested in finding better methods for safe storage and dealing with it such as waste valorization in order to create useful materials for cement and concrete.[7]. })(); D. A. Landriault, R. Verburg, W. Cincilla, and D. Welch, E. Yilmaz, T. Belem, B. Bussire, M. Mbonimpa, and M. Benzaazoua, Curing time effect on consolidation behaviour of cemented paste backfill containing different cement types and contents,, J. L. Bantignies, C. C. D. Moulin, and H. Dexpert, Wettability contrasts in kaolinite and illite clays: characterization by infrared and x-ray absorption spectroscopies,. You're gonna stand there, owning a fireworks stand, and tell me you don't have no whistling bungholes, no spleen spliters, whisker biscuits, honkey lighters, hoosker doos, hoosker donts, cherry bombs, nipsy daisers, with or without the scooter stick, or one single whistling kitty chaser? [21], Tailings ponds can also be a source of acid drainage, leading to the need for permanent monitoring and treatment of water passing through the tailings dam; the cost of mine cleanup has typically been 10 times that of mining industry estimates when acid drainage was involved. [3] These tailings contain large amounts of pyrite (FeS2) and Iron(II) sulfide (FeS), which are rejected from the sought-after ores of copper and nickel, as well as coal. On the one hand, desliming led to a significant reduction in water-retention capacity of the tailings. That's really what I need to know.

However, DT and AAS produced no adverse effect on the workability of fresh CPB materials. [1] Mine tailings are usually produced from the mill in slurry form, which is a mixture of fine mineral particles and water. In [84], the authors also reported that the lower the water-to-cement ratio, the higher the amount of cement bonds resulting in higher strength gain of CPB. On average, worldwide, there is one big accident involving a tailings dam each year.[22]. Because most coal refuse harbors toxic components, it is not easily reclaimed by replanting with plants like beach grasses. Alp, Utilization of water-reducing admixtures in cemented paste backfill of sulphide-rich mill tailings,, O. Peyronnard and M. Benzaazoua, Estimation of the cementitious properties of various industrial by-products for applications requiring low mechanical strength,, A. Tariq and M. Nehdi, Developing durable paste backfill from sulphidic tailings,, F. Cihangir, B. Ercikdi, A. Kesimal, H. Deveci, and F. Erdemir, Paste backfill of high-sulphide mill tailings using alkali-activated blast furnace slag: effect of activator nature, concentration and slag properties,, F. Cihangir, B. Ercikdi, A. Kesimal, A. Turan, and H. Deveci, Utilisation of alkali-activated blast furnace slag in paste backfill of high-sulphide mill tailings: effect of binder type and dosage,, A. Kesimal, B. Ercikdi, and E. Yilmaz, The effect of desliming by sedimentation on paste backfill performance,, B. Koohestani, A. Koubaa, T. Belem, B. Bussire, and H. Bouzahzah, Experimental investigation of mechanical and microstructural properties of cemented paste backfill containing maple-wood filler,, B. Ercikdi, T. Ylmaz, and G. Klekci, Strength and ultrasonic properties of cemented paste backfill,. Both of those degraded products are useful. A. Labrincha, C. Leonelli, A. Palomo, and P. Chindaprasirt, G. Ye, P. Lura, K. Van Breugel, and A. L. A. Fraaij, Study on the development of the microstructure in cement-based materials by means of numerical simulation and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement,, A. M. Galaa, B. D. Thompson, M. W. Grabinsky, and W. F. Bawden, Characterizing stiffness development in hydrating mine backfill using ultrasonic wave measurements,, M. Fall and M. Pokharel, Coupled effects of sulphate and temperature on the strength development of cemented tailings backfills: Portland cement-paste backfill,, T. Belem, B. Bussire, and M. Benzaazoua, The effect of microstructural evolution on the physical properties of paste backfill, in. Foght, J.M., Fedorak, P.M., Westlake, D.W.S., and Boerger, H.J. [15][16] Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by responsible mining companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailings areas in their costs and activities. B. Akdemir, W. Brostow, and J. Wahrmund, Zeta potential-viscosity relationship in kaolinite slurry in the presence of dispersants,. As observed in Figures 6 and 7, reduced water content and porosity suggest the refinement of microstructure [79, 80] in case of DT, which is in good agreement with Ercikdi et al. Tailings ponds are used to store the waste made from separating minerals from rocks, or the slurry produced from tar sands mining. The extraction of minerals from ore can be done two ways: placer mining, which uses water and gravity to concentrate the valuable minerals, or hard rock mining, which pulverizes the rock containing the ore and then relies on chemical reactions to concentrate the sought-after material. Those archaea and bacteria can degrade the naphtha, which was considered as waste during the procedure of refining oil. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.[27]. DT was observed to reduce the porosity by 19.4, 16.9%, and 15.3% in average for OPC, LSS-S, and SH-S samples, respectively, depending on the curing time. googletag.defineSlot('/1027394/forums_sidebar_halfpage', [300, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-adHalfPage').addService(googletag.pubads()); [25] This saves water which potentially reduces the impacts on the environment in terms of a reduction in the potential seepage rates, space used, leaves the tailings in a dense and stable arrangement and eliminates the long-term liability that ponds leave after mining is finished. [1] It was estimated in 2000 that there were about 3,500 active tailings impoundments in the world. DT-AAS was also found to decrease the acid and sulphate effects owing to the high degree of cementation and dense microstructure with reduced permeability. Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; Scum that forms on the surface of molten metal. [1] Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to deal with a tailings slurry. 1985. International Council on Mining and Metals, Technical Report: Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams, "Mining industry releases first standard to improve safety of waste storage", Annual statistics collected and published by World Aluminium, "3 - Coal waste: handling, pollution impacts and utilization", https://link-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A311377866/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=f0f488c8, "The Coal Refuse Dilemma: Burning Coal for Environmental Benefits", "Importance of Indigenous VAM Fungi for the Reclamation of Coal Refuse Piles", "How Joe Manchin Aided Coal, and Earned Millions", "Water, mining, and waste: an historical and economic perspective on conflict management in South Africa", "Bill 14: creating a foundation for an innovative mining development model", Trends in the stewardship of tailings dams, "Carbon Dioxide Fixation within Mine Wastes of Ultramafic-Hosted Ore Deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile Deposits, Canada", 10.1002/0471238961.1309140514010701.a01.pub2, "Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management Global Tailings Review", "Phytostabilization of Mine Tailings in Arid and Semiarid EnvironmentsAn Emerging Remediation Technology", "Kaltails project, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia", "Can African machine produce a promising future in Butte? Similarly, as can be seen from Figure 7, LSS-S provided the lowest porosities for both tailings. Reducing the demand of water can also protect the environment from drought.

Owing to the removal of fine particles/clay minerals, desliming decreased the specific surface area and increased the specific gravity of the tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to contamination of the underlying water table, amongst other issues. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Additionally, Guo et al. 2015 All rights reserved. ", Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailings&oldid=1097906519, Articles with dead external links from August 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2015, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 13 July 2022, at 07:30. OK, to refine this a bit: if a company is interested in buying copper sludge (with relatively high iron content), would they also be interested in slag? HDPF is a more expensive method of tailings disposal than pond storage, however it has many other benefits not just environmental but it can significantly increase the stability of underground excavations by providing a means for ground stress to be transmitted across voids rather than having to pass around them which can cause mining induced seismic events like that suffered previously at the Beaconsfield Mine Disaster. Extensive tailings dumps of Kalgoorlie / Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably in the 1990s by KalTails Mining. & "[23], Historically, tailings were disposed of in the most convenient manner, such as in downstream running water or down drains. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. This method is used by the gold mine on Lihir Island; its waste disposal has been viewed by environmentalists[who?] Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in generic-looking waste dumps or stockpiles. It is composed of various oxide compounds, including the iron oxides which give its red colour. var src = (useSSL ? var sidebar_align = 'right'; Therefore, lower porosities in DT were assumed to stem from the lower water-retention capacity of the coarse tailings as well as higher solid contents [4] compared to FT.

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