copper tailings composition

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Comprehensive utilization of leadzinc tailings, part 1: pollution characteristics and resource recovery of sulfur. After pyrrhotite and lepidocrocite were converted to iron in certain ways [12,14,16], iron could be recycled as an important metal resource for further use. Int J Min Met Mater. 14tdgk02) and the project of Key research platform focused on teachers research innovation team (No. Recovery of iron from copper slag via modified roasting in COCO2 mixed gas and magnetic separation. Recovery of iron and copper from copper tailings by coal-based direct reduction and magnetic separation. Table 8.1. 3D printed concrete containing waste rubber particles increases interlayer bond strength as well as the flowability, and micropores due to the presence of hydrophobic groups in rubber. Under optimum parameters, a great number of -Fe2O3 is recycled with a grade of 66.86% and a yield rate of 67.21%. Bellam R, Anipindi NR, Jaganyi D. Effect of CTAB and SDS on base hydrolysis of iron(II)-sulphonated and unsulphonated phenyl-1,2,4-triazine complexes-akinetic and mechanistic study. Peek E, Barnes A, Tuzun A. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite waste or resource? Because of the aggregation between magnetic and non-magnetic particles, the yield was always higher than the grade from the above experimental results. Chemical composition of the copper ore tailings (wt%). Then, it was unfavorable to separate magnetic particle from the roasted slag. Sedira etal. Recovery of metals from the roasted lead-zinc tailings by magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation. The reaction between Fe(1x)S and O2 was dramatic because of sulfur release [20]. The SEM images and energy spectrum of C area in magnetic concentrate. From Figure 9b, the roasted slag was light sintered. 2003;22:12835. Nleya Y, Simate GS, Ndlovu S. Sustainability assessment of the recovery and utilisation of acid from acid mine drainage. 2019;8(3):303643. Tripathy SK, Singh V, Murthy YR. 14tdgk02) and the project of Key research platform focused on teachers research innovation team (No. Copper ore tailings were dried at 105 2C for 8h, milled to 100 meshes, and stored, sequentially. etal., 2017). Therefore, the roasting temperature should be raised appropriately to release residual sulfur before the recovery of magnetic concentrate. The leaching behaviour of CS appears not to be influenced by its type, air-cooled, quenched or spent. Chemical forms of mercury in pyrite: implications for predicting mercury releases in acid mine drainage settings. Comparing the value of mix made with 20% copper tailings with respect to reference mix. (2018) when utilizing metakaolin as the auxiliary material; with increasing the metakaolin content from 0 to 50wt%, the compressive strength increased from 2 to 15.5MPa due to the formation of more hydration gels (Wang etal., 2019). Similar to CS, the use of copper tailings as a geotechnical material has also been reported in the literature, but on a relatively smaller scale (Collins and Ciesielski, 1994; Gupta and Thomas, 2013; Nitish etal., 2013; Miller and Collins, 1976). Explained the compounding effect of iron tailing and copper tailing in 3DCP and obtained best mechanical results (28 days compressive strength) in the ratio of 4:1. In this study, roasting temperature was set as 1,000, 1,050, 1,100, 1,150, and 1,200C, and roasted time was 10min, with the airflow of 5Lmin1. Manjarrez etal. Meanwhile, although the magnetic intensity was excessive, gangue particles were absorbed on magnetic particles and were separated together [27,28]. Luo, Bing, Peng, Tongjiang and Sun, Hongjuan. (2019) used copper tailings and obtained the highest strength (23.5MPa) under the following conditions: 50wt% low Ca-containing slag, 10M NaOH, Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.0, and curing at 60C for 7 days. 2017;3(2):2808. In this work, after analysis of chemical composition and mineralogical phase composition, the effects of parameters in both magnetization roasting and magnetic separation process with respect to roasting temperature, residence time, airflow, particle size distribution, magnetic field intensity, and the ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfonate to roasted slag were investigated. Fe, O, and Si were included in C area, which was corresponding to the XRD analysis. (2018a) utilized copper tailings by replacing the sand to enhance the extrudability of concrete, but the increase in copper content was found to reduce the buildability of the mixture.

When the ratio of SDS to roasted slag elevated from 1:100 to 1:25, the yield decreased dramatically from 72.63 to 67.21% with a corresponding grade ranging from 64.18 to 66.86%. J Clean Prod. Ma NY, Houser JB, Wood LA. 2020;27(7):796806. Most of the iron existed in non-magnetic characteristics, which were hard to separate. Highly efficient polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer with a water reducing rate of more than 30% and a solid content fraction of 37.2 % were adopted to achieve the required flowability for the mixture. With urgent requirement of the thirteenth 5-Year Plan for circular economy in China, copper ore tailings as one kind of non-ferrous tailings in industrial solid waste have been paid more and more attention to comprehensive disposal and resource utilization. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106020.Search in Google Scholar, [26] Mahadevan S, Behera SP, Gnanaprakash G. Size distribution of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using WarrenAverbach XRD analysis. Polym Test. Table 8.1 shows the mixture proportions of the raw materials used for material preparation. This may be caused by the formation of additional hydration gels, i.e., calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium silicate aluminate hydrate, which have been reported for the Na2OCaOSiO2Al2O3H2O system; the precipitation of these phases can improve the aluminosilicate dissolution in alkaline solutions and, subsequently, the geopolymerization reaction (Temuujin etal., 2009). The magnetic field intensity was 160mT. The durability of concrete in terms of chloride resistance, sulphate resistance and alkalinity was reported not to be affected by the use of copper tailings. It revealed that the grade was increased and the yield was decreased with increasing SDS. Mater Sci-Pol. Hence, more reactive Si and Al can dissolve to form the geopolymer nanostructure, modifying the resulting strength (Tian etal., 2020). Russ J Appl Chem. Copper tailing is the waste rock remaining after ore has been processed to remove the copper. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.019.Search in Google Scholar, [29] Bellam R, Anipindi NR, Jaganyi D. Effect of CTAB and SDS on base hydrolysis of iron(II)-sulphonated and unsulphonated phenyl-1,2,4-triazine complexes-akinetic and mechanistic study. Zhang XK, Zhou KG, Chen W. Recovery of iron and rare earth elements from red mud through an acid leaching-stepwise extraction approach. Liu YJ, Huang LB. 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.01.007.Search in Google Scholar, [31] Jiang PG, Liu JS, Xiao YY. The modified conditions with iron-bearing minerals are summarized in Table 1. These types of activators are usually aqueous sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, and sodium metasilicate. While at 1,050C, the reaction was accelerated suddenly, which promotes the oxidation of Fe3O4 to -Fe2O3. Saravanan P, Alam S, Mathur GN. J Environ Chem Eng.

Commonly used materials in the industry are gypsum, lime, cement clinker, etc. The chemical compositions of tailing determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis are listed in Table 8.2 and the particle size distribution parameter of tailings is presented in Table 8.3. The author attributed the strength improvement to two factors: the increased glassy-state phase portion and the modified Si/Al ratio of the precursors when adding BFS. 2018;205:7818. Ma et al. Fig.4. (2008), Sharma etal. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Indeed, for several elements, the leached concentrations are well below the maximum allowable limits, as can be seen from Table 8.1. As copper tailings appear in ground form, the grading of copper tailings reported by Gupta and Thomas (2013) and Nitish etal. Meanwhile, sulfur in the form of SO2 was released from the inside of pyrrhotite to the surface through slits. New pyrometallurgical route for separation and recovery of Fe, Zn, In, Ga and S from jarosite residues. Copper ore tailings contain pyrrhotite (Fe(1x)S, where 0 x < 0.223), which has three homogeneous polychromatic variants of iron sulfide mineral and tends to produce acid mine drainage because of oxidation [2,3]. 2012;73(7):86772. Nanoscale Res Lett. Min Eng. There are several other applications in which the use of CS, as well as, Ahmari and Zhang, 2012; Kanagalakshmi etal., 2015; Sathish etal., 2014, Atkinson etal., 1989; Grice, 1998; Hassani etal., 2001; Petrolito etal., 2005; Peyronnard and Benzaazoua, 2012, Method for the Enhancement of Buildability and Bending Resistance of Three-Dimensional-Printable Tailing Mortar, Environmental Impact, Case Studies and Standards and Specifications, US Environmental Protection Agency in 1991. , was based on the investigation of several industrial processing wastes, including CS, Agrawal and Sahu (2010), Alter (2005), Brindha and Nagan (2010, 2011, Brindha etal. As shown in Figure 6, the grade and yield increased with magnetic intensity ranging from 160 to 220mT. Your documents are now available to view. The magnetic properties of magnetic concentrate and copper ore tailings were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM BKT-4500Z, China). In particular, increasing the RCBW content from 10% to 50% resulted in a 136% increment of the compressive strength (from 25 to 59MPa) after curing for 28 days. Given that copper tailings are generally finer than CS, it can be assumed that CS should have better compaction characteristics than copper tailings; nevertheless, further investigation is needed to establish clarity. Maximum leached element concentrations as shown in Figure 8.1. 2019;8(3):303643.

When high roasting temperatures exceeded 1,200C, the sintered sample would melt. The mechanical strength of the paste prepared from the cementitious material at a cement-sand ratio of 3:17 and a water-cement ratio of 1.2 was 80% and 40% higher than that of the ordinary Portland cement paste, respectively, at 1 and 3 days of curing. It was observed that replacement of conventional limestone filler with copper slag can produce asphalt mixes with superior fatigue and cracking resistance [72]. The compaction characteristics of copper tailings are not clearly understandable from the existing data. After a series of attempts and trials, it was found that the most suitable mix for 3D concrete printing is comprised of a tailing to sand mass ratio of 2:3, so that 40% natural sand was replaced by mining tailings [23]. 2018;91(10):162634. Min Eng. Figure 11 shows the SEM image of magnetic and the energy spectrum of C area. J Clean Prod. Fly ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases. Resilient modulus: The resilient modulus of the copper tailings mixes, measured at 25 and 40C in both aged and unaged conditions, tended to be higher than the reference mix, which suggests copper tailings may be more angular than the crushed granite. 10.1016/j.mineng.2010.10.004.Search in Google Scholar, [17] Sui YL, Guo YF, Jiang T, Qiu GZ. Zhu DQ, Yang CC, Pan J. Chemical composition of tailings by mass ratio, Table 8.3. From Figure 1, the main metal phase in samples was pyrrhotite and lepidocrocite. As shown in Table 2, the content of Fe2O3 reached 36.35wt%. A CKD content of 5% did not lead to obvious morphological changes (Fig.4) of the binder phases (labeled as A); however, when it increased to 10%, a monolithic binder between particles (labeled as C) appeared. Min Eng. 2010;5(9):14749. j is the magnetic concentrate mass; and Q After suitable crushing, this waste can be utilized as filler in asphalt mixes. 2016;186(SI2):17582. 2016;371:6773. Lei C, Yan B, Chen T, Quan SX, Xiao XM. Comparative study on the synthesis of -Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanocrystals using high-temperature solution-phase technique. 2018;205:7818. 17LZXT11) both from Southwest University of Science and Technology. Luo B, Peng TJ, Sun HJ, Ding WJ.

Effect of size of particles on -Fe2O3 recovery. Quantitative XRD results revealed higher chantalite contents in the geopolymer prepared using GWR compared with that obtained only with the iron tailings; the authors attributed this to the additional Si and Al provided by GWR. Lei C, Yan B, Chen T, Xiao XM. Overall, although the research on the use of copper tailings is in its preliminary stages, with many aspects still requiring thorough investigation, the limited information available would suggest that copper tailings, like CS, could also be a viable material as a natural sand replacement in road pavement applications. Marshall properties: The optimum bitumen content of the copper tailings mix was similar to the corresponding reference mix. The mineralogical phase compositions of the copper ore tailings were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, The Netherlands), and the results are shown in Figure 1. However, bulk density and mechanical properties are negatively affected because of lower specific gravity of rubber particles and weak rubber-cement interface. The modified conditions with iron-bearing minerals. Thus, adding aluminosilicate materials with higher reactivity is a feasible strategy to improve the properties of the synthesized geopolymers. From Figure 3, neither the grade nor the yield was in linear relationship with roasting time. 2017;24(2):16570. J Sustain Metall. High-magnification scanning electron micrographs of geopolymer brick specimens prepared at 15M NaOH, 16% initial water content, and curing at 90C for 7 days by adding different cement kiln dust contents: (a) 0%, (b) 5%, (c) 10%, and (d) 10% combined with 7 days of immersion in water. 2018;6(12):313951. Used different construction demolition waste as precursor in preparing 3D printable geopolymer mixtures with recycled glass powder as one of it. 2019;134:22231. (2011) reduced the extremely high Si/Al ratio of copper tailings by adding various contents of fly ash down to its optimum range (13), obtaining a denser microstructure. J Hazard Mater. Based on the results presented in the previous sections. According to the report, magnetic concentrate could be sold directly when the content of total Fe and S exceed 65% and was less than 0.1% [21], respectively.

Rai S, Nimje MT, Chaddha MJ. 2018;52(18):1028696. Meanwhile, the microstructure, phase transformation and magnetic property of copper ore tailings, roasted slag, and magnetic concentrate are carried out. Figure 8.1 shows the results of leaching concentrations of heavy metals of 43 CS samples. 10.1007/s12666-018-1502-x.Search in Google Scholar, [21] Lei C, Yan B, Chen T, Xiao XM. The effects of rice milling, mining, automobile and construction and demolition industry wastes on 3DCP. Int J Min Process. The printability window of mortar with 100% recycled sand decreased because of increased rate of fluidity loss. 2017;52(10):176874. Subsequently, the samples were separated in different magnetic intensities selected as 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, and 250mT, respectively.

Separation and recovery of iron from a low-grade carbonate-bearing iron ore using magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation. The chemical composition of the copper ore tailings was tested by X-ray fluorescence (XRF, The Netherlands), and the results are shown in Table 2. Copper ore tailings were roasted at 1,200C for 30min, with the airflow of 5Lmin1. (2015) developed a new type of filling cement based on red mud, which is formulated with 50% red mud, 30% slag, 10% desulfurized gypsum and 10% cement clinker. 10.1007/s11671-010-9664-4.Search in Google Scholar, [7] Aliahmad M, Moghaddam NN. The magnetic mixture was stirred well and allowed to stand for 10min. Ahmari and Zhang (2013) selected cement kiln dust (CKD) as the supplementary material to modify the properties of copper tailings-based geopolymers when using NaOH as the activator. Zhang XZ, Zhao G, Cao Y. Magnetothermal heating facilitates the cryogenic recovery of stem cell-laden alginate-Fe3O4 nanocomposite hydrogels. Taking advantage of magnetic properties of -Fe2O3 will greatly facilitate the recovery of iron in the roasted slag. 2020;27(7):796806. Fly ash has an enhancing effect on the long-term strength of the filling body and can improve the fluidity of the filling slurry, which is beneficial to increasing the filling concentration and enhancing the gravity conveying the performance of the pipeline. Therefore, it was imperative to crush and mill roasted slag to disperse -Fe2O3 and SiCaMgAl minerals. However, it has been suggested that further tests on the changes in the growth rate and lipid profile of algae might be needed for a complete understanding of the toxic nature of CS in microalgae. Furthermore, the characteristics of magnetic concentrate were discussed as well. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Wu W, Xiao XH, Zhang SF. Note: The d(0.1), d(0.5), and d(0.9) denote the sizes of particles that smaller than or equal to the 10%, 50%, and 90% of the total particle mass. Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings.

10.1134/S1070427218100099.Search in Google Scholar, [14] Yu JW, Han YX, Li LJ. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.229.Search in Google Scholar, [19] Zhu DQ, Yang CC, Pan J. (1983), Ghosh (2007), JPL Industrial (1997), Lim and Chu (2006), Ling and Thim (1999a,b), Madany and Raveendran (1992), Sanchez de Rojas etal. 2013;31(2):2648. J Mater Sci Lett. However, its high total silica, alumina and iron oxides (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) of more than 85% and low loss on ignition of less than 3% meet the chemical requirements of FA suggested in ASTM C618-12a (2012), which might suggest that copper tailings can be potentially suitable for use as a stabilising agent for soils. Five years later, CS was also characterised as non-hazardous by the United Nations Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal in 1996, based on the studies of slag samples sourced from Canada, Chile and the United States (Alter, 2004). The technology of magnetization roasting and wet magnetic separation to recycle -Fe2O3 could be extended to other iron-bearing tailings or waste, including iron ore tailings, pyrite-containing tailings, pyrrhotite-containing tailings, and so on. 2018;91(10):162634. Authors contributions: B. Luomethodology, writing original draft, preparation writing, reviewing, and editing; T. J. Pengsupervision and funding acquisition; H. J.

Recovery and preconcentration of phenols from aqueous solutions with a magnetic sorbent based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles and hyper-cross-linked polystyrene. 2018;258:5765. Therefore, it was necessary and meaningful to roast to release sulfur first and recycle -Fe2O3 subsequently.

Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings. Chem Eng J. Int J Min Met Mater. 2018;258:5765. When the copper ore tailings were roasted from 600 to 1,200C, the roasted slag was magnetic which contained -Fe2O3 [4]. Selective and fast recovery of neodymium from seawater by magnetic iron oxide Fe3O4. Despite this, there are very few studies that explore the potential of copper slag as filler in asphalt mixes. The magnetic concentrate was separated from the roasted slag as above, and Figure 10 presents its XRD pattern. 10.1007/s40831-016-0079-z.Search in Google Scholar, [16] Peek E, Barnes A, Tuzun A. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite waste or resource? 2018;52(18):1028696. A detailed list of other test methods used can be found in Chapter 3 (Section 3.7.1). The dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity of concrete with 100% recycled glass decreased, which helped in increased flowability of 3D printable concrete. Based on the field experience of using copper tailings in HMA applications, the Texas Transportation Agency (Transportation Research Board, 2013a) has suggested that adjustment of construction practice and proper training to field crews would be advisable when dealing with copper tailings. Large recycled aggregate increased the bond strength by increased interlayer roughness and surface area of 3D printed elements. It also has a relatively higher CaO content than granite and silica aggregate and is expected to display superior performance in saturated and freezing-thawing conditions [72]. 2019;26(2SI):45866. The copper tailings were used at 20% content as a fine granite replacement for fraction size smaller than 1.18mm. 2017;158:7380. 10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.06.018.Search in Google Scholar, [9] Tu YJ, Lo SC, You CF. Although the details of their geotechnical properties as well as service performance are not clear in the reports, this revelation can be encouraging, as it shows that copper tailings may offer a viable use in real geotechnical applications. The copper slag is produced during the process of smelting for sulphide ore and collected as the material that floats on the top of the molten copper in a furnace. As an oxidant, air not only affected the rate of sulfur release but also had an influence on the magnetization roasting [22]. y is the roasted slag mass. Funding information: Funding was provided by Long Shan academic research support program (No. Chem Eng J. (2014), Shanmuganathan etal. Riesgo G, Elbaile L, Moriche R. Influence of the remnant magnetization, size distribution and content of soft magnetic reinforcement in micro-mechanical behavior of polymer matrix composites. As shown in Figure 4, whether the airflow was increased or decreased, both the grade and the yield of -Fe2O3 decreased. Copper ore tailings were roasted under optimal conditions and milled to 120 meshes. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicated that the Si/Al ratio of A increased along with the CKD content because of the enhanced dissolution of Si due to the alkalinity increment via CKD hydration. Moreover, minerals with potential cementitious properties, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, metakaolin, and, Kinnunen etal., 2018; Vargas and Lopez, 2018, Du etal., 2012; Yang, Z.Q. Therefore, the magnetic concentrate powder could be used in the powder metallurgy industry. The results show that the leachate of CS is harmless to the growth of the marine microalgae used. A higher NaOH concentration (15M) led to flash setting of the geopolymer pastes, resulting in lower strength. The addition of low and non-Ca-containing materials commonly contributes to strength development. A small number of polypropylene fibers were employed to reduce the cracking produced by water evaporation. Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study. Major mineral phases of copper ore tailings were quartz, biotite, clinochlore, pyrrhotite, and lepidocrocite. Enhancement of iron recovery from steelmaking slag fines by process optimization of upgrading the slag fines with dry magnetic separation. J Clean Prod. Nanoscale Res Lett. After roasting at 1,200C with the duration time from 20 to 60min, the sulfur release rate reached to 99.78% and the residual S content reduced to 0.06% [4]. The activation activity and mechanism of various types of slag have been studied (Jin etal., 2015; Zheng etal., 2019). The roasted samples were milled and sifted in turn. The SEM images and energy spectrum of A/B area in copper ore tailings and roasted slag. This was attributed to finer gradation of copper slag, which can produce stiffer mix at same filler content. The main results of the abovementioned studies are presented in Table3. J Iron Steel Res Int. The decision to exclude CS from the hazardous waste list under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1991, was based on the investigation of several industrial processing wastes, including CS, copper tailings and calcium sulphate wastewater treatment plant sludge, from 91 plants located in 29 states. A series of laboratory tests undertaken by Thomas etal. 10.1155/2020/8090846.Search in Google Scholar, [5] Saravanan P, Alam S, Mathur GN. The friction angle of copper tailings is much lower than those of CS and sand, but again, this subject area needs more information to be assessed further. Effect of roasting temperature on -Fe2O3 recovery. 2018;202:5027. (2021). The filling material made of red mud, coal gangue and cement had an excellent mechanical performance (5.49MPaat 60 days) with a less porous microstructure and more hydration products based on X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy-spectral analysis (Chen, J.L.

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