Sports participation among adults varies by income, where only 15% of lower-income adults play sports (those with household incomes less than $25,000/year), while 37% of higher-income adults play sports (those with household incomes of at least $75,000/year). As children progress to senior years, there was an associated increase in the amount of schoolwork, which might force them to prioritize study activities over other activities, especially sports and PA [48,54]. Conceptualization and design of the reviewD.H. However, although these previous works have studied or reviewed some of the factors affecting children and adolescents participation in PA, none of them have comprehensively examined the factors with reference to all five levels in the SEM established by McLeroy et al.

A number of studies have concluded that feeling competent is extremely important to maintaining sports participation. (2012) [42], 3 = Bengoechea et al. A total of fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The social ecological model adapted from McLeroy, K.R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., and Glanz, K. (1988) [16]. Culture of competition discourages some kids from sport. Parents appear to spend more on girls activities than boys, AU$1166 for girls versus AU$774 for boys. This systematic review focused mainly on the empirical studies that applied the SEM established by McLeroy et al. A strong and growing participation and membership base is critically important to sporting organisations in terms of attracting investment and ensuring sustainability.

1Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; [emailprotected] (S.Z. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram.

Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns. These findings were consistent with previous research [66,67,68], which suggested that supports from parents and friends could promote regular PA participation among children and adolescents and help them develop and maintain an active lifestyle [42]. There was a trend that older children, both boys and girls, preferred playing video games at home and watching TV compared to playing physical games in their leisure time [54]. (2018) [55], 11 = Tesler et al. Adir S., Gilad T. The Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk in Adulthood: A Systematic Review. LTPA: leisure time physical activity. Organization level: Six studies [40,41,42,43,47,53] examined the relationship between teachers influence and childrens PA participation. Previous research from Sport England shows that activity levels drop when children reach their teenage years. Coaches at all levels exert great influence on their players/athletes and can play a significant role in maintaining participation in sport and physical activity at all ages. More information is available in the, to Information and resources for High Performance, to Information and resources for Organised Sport, to Information and resources for Sport Participation, Participation Grants and Funding for Sport and Recreation, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Sport, Alcohol Sponsorship and Advertising in Sport, Sexuality and Gender Perspectives on Sports Ethics, Tobacco Sponsorship and Advertising in Sport, How Kids Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry, Which junior winter sport is the most affordable for you? Get primary school children trying out a range of different sports, Reboot! At the same time, no study had more than one negative rating, indicating that the selected articles were all of high quality. When it came to gender and age, most studies were consistent. Evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal survey, Promoting Social Inclusion through Sport for Refugee-Background Youth in Australia: Analysing Different Participation Models, Being Able to Play: Experiences of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Within a Football Team of People Seeking Asylum, Overcoming disparities in organized physical activity: findings from Australian community strategies, Social inequalities in young childrens sport participation and outdoor play, Socio-ecological predictors of participation and dropout in organised sports during childhood, The Power of Sport: Building social bridges and breaking down cultural barriers, Experiences in sport, physical activity, and physical education among Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu Asian adolescent girls, Family support and ease of access link socio-economic status and sports club membership in adolescent girls: a mediation study, We wouldnt of made friends if we didnt come to Football United: the impacts of a football program on young peoples peer, prosocial and cross-cultural relationships, Cultural diversity in community sport: An ethnographic inquiry of Somali Australians experiences, Tip Sheet #1: Attracting and retaining diverse junior members, Tip Sheet #3: Developing inclusive social media and websites, Tip Sheet #4: Embracing diversity within your club structures and developing an inclusive club culture, Sink or Swim? Text units (a unit refers to a sentence or paragraph that represents one idea) regarding the influencing factors on PA participation were identified and labelled as either a barrier or facilitator. Programs aim to increase physical activity participation and address other, broader community objectives (such as health, community development, crime, domestic violence reduction, etc.). Strauss R.S., Rodzilsky D., Burack G., Colin M. Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in healthy children. (2012) [47],8 = DAngelo et al.

The 2016 Active Healthy Kids Australia Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Young People, Physical Literacy: A global environmental scan, Getting Australia Moving: establishing a physically literate and active nation (game plan), Early-years swimming: adding capital to young Australians, final report, Movement competence: Association with physical self-efficacy and physical activity, Should toddlers and preschoolers participate in organized sport? Hong Q.N., Gonzalez-Reyes A., Pluye P. Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). (2020) [54], 10 = Taylor et al.

Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age.

The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vella S.A., Cliff D.P., Okely A.D., Scully M.L., Morley B.C. Factors that consistently appear in the literature as supportive of sports participation include: parental and family support (children of active parents are more likely to be active), peer interaction, positive environment, and venue accessibility. 1.4 Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? Participants, of all ages, who receive quality coaching tend to have higher long-term participation rates than participants who aren't coached. Licencing restrictions apply to some resources listed below. Accessibility of facilities and safe neighborhoods was a crucial factor that influenced children and adolescents participation in PA at the community level. In addition, older children were found to be less active than younger children, so in childhood or adolescence, older age could be viewed as a barrier, while younger ages may be considered a facilitator [45,46,54]. What is included, registration, match fees, uniforms, equipment, travel, etc. Adults who exercise are more likely to have higher incomes, more education, and tend to be younger than adults who do not exercise. Identifying the factors that influence PA participation can provide policy makers, physical educators, and public health officials with essential information to guide the distribution of initiatives and resources to promote PA and reduce or eliminate health disparities. [48]. The Clearinghouse for Sport is a sector-wide knowledge sharing initiative, and as such your contributions are encouraged and appreciated. Trost S.G., Pate R.R., Ward D.S., Saunders R., Riner W. Determinants of physical activity in active and low-active, sixth grade African-American youth. (1988) is unique insofar as it delineates between institutional and community levels of influence. Physical educators and health promoters should advocate the needs of accessible facilities at affordable levels to various participants in the community to promote PA participation [76]. (2012) [42], 3 = Bengoechea et al. Girls are less likely to say they enjoy or feel confident about doing sport and physical activity (58% of boys enjoy it, compared to 43% of girls, and 47% of boys feel confident, compared to 31% of girls). and S.Z.

Factors that consistently appear as negative or contributing to non-participation or dropout include: excessive travel, the expense of training and competition, inconvenient training times, low levels of physical literacy or perceptions of competence, and an environment that is too competitive. Inadequate PA levels and increased prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has become a global issue [1]. There are inequalities between certain groups of children. (2014) [41], 13 = Wilk et al. Small gestures can go a long way in making Muslim women feel welcome and accepted. Engaging in PA is a complex issue because exercise-related behavior is multifaceted and affected by many factors to varying degrees [18]. Stanley R.M., Boshoff K., Dollman J. Voices in the playground: A qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators of lunchtime play. The interview approach was deemed appropriate to answer the research questions, as it allowed researchers to explore the interesting issues in depth [41]. Zhang T., Thomas K., Weiller K. Predicting Physical Activity in 10-12 Year Old Children: A Social Ecological Approach. The average (mean) amount paid to participate was AU$970 per year. The .gov means its official. (2014) [43], 6 = Vella et al. (2013) [52], 4 = Stanley et al. [77].

Two researchers (D.H. and S.Z.) In the other study addressing the policy level, Webster, Andrew and Naoki [41] pointed out that when PA policies lacked accountability, schools might be less inclined to implement these policies because of localized factors, such as principals and teachers beliefs. (2013) [52], 4 = Stanley et al. Bissell K., Baker K., Pember S.E., Zhang X., Yang Y. (2019) [44], 12 = Webster et al. Martnez-Andrs M., Bartolom-Gutirrez R., Rodrguez-Martn B., Pardo-Guijarro M.J., Garrido-Miguel M., Martnez-Vizcano V. Barriers and Facilitators to Leisure Physical Activity in Children: A Qualitative Approach Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Do perceptions of competence mediate the relationship between fundamental motor skill proficiency and physical activity levels of children in kindergarten? A survival analysis of sport dropout in Australian youth swimmers, Physical activity of rurally residing children with a disability: A survey of parents and carers, VicHealth Research Practice Fellowship Physical Activity Final report, Community size and sport participation across 22 countries. A systematic search of relevant literature published before July 2020 was conducted through Ebsco, ProQuest, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Web of Science. Stanley R.M., Boshoff K., Dollman J. Considerable efforts have been made, as seen in the literature, in compiling the major factors that may affect PA participation in children and adolescents. (2019) [44], 12 = Webster et al. Sport participation policies and initiatives, National Sporting Organisation (NSO) case studies. Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Academic Journals English, physical activity, children and adolescents, social ecological model, participation in sport and exercise. Black children are more physically literate than other ethnic groupsdriven by boys, but they're less active than the population as a whole. The SEM describes that an individual is embedded in a social system, and the interactive characteristics of the individual and the environment form the basis of health outcomes [20]. A scoping review of developmental outcomes associated with young childrens sport participation, Development of a physical literacy model for older adults a consensus process by the collaborative working group on physical literacy for older Canadians, Setting them up for lifetime activity: Play competence perceptions and physical activity in young children, Sport-specific factors predicting player retention in junior cricket, Association between sports participation, motor competence and weight status: A longitudinal study, Why Are Girls Less Physically Active than Boys? However, where links are not available, you may be able to access documents directly by searching our licenced full-text databases (note: user access restrictions apply). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. There was consistent evidence across the articles regarding the importance of supports from friends and parents in facilitating PA participation [8,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,52,54]. Many reports and reviews in the literature have examined the factors that influence PA or sports participation in children and adolescents [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37].

This review took into consideration the evaluation of the quality of the empirical studies by using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT 2018). Parents who are less well-off are twice as likely to report problems with the costs of their childs sports compared to parents who are more well-off.

At the intrapersonal level, gender was the most commonly reported influencing factor. Adolescents. (2013) [48], 5 = Pawlowski et al. Quantitative nonrandomized 4. Another three studies [48,54,55] showed that a lack of safety was a significant barrier to PA participation, which was consistent with previous studies [73,74,75]. No Time for Never. Please see Clearinghouse membership categories for further information. (2020) [54], 10 = Taylor et al. Eight of the fourteen articles eligible for review reached positive ratings for all questions. In such a case, we used + to capture all of these factors together. Kahn J.A., Huang B., Gillman M.W., Field A.E., Austin S.B., Colditz G.A., Frazier A.L. 0: no significance. You may also find the information youre seeking by searching Google Scholar. The percentage of people aged 15 and over who participated in sport/physical activity at least once per week was: For children under 15 years of age, the pattern appears to be slightly different.

(2018) [55], 11 = Tesler et al. Variability of Spanish adolescents physical activity patterns by seasonality, day of the week and demographic factors. Violent crime and outdoor physical activity among inner-city youth. Need Support, Need Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation, and Physical Activity Participation among Middle School Students. Rosenberg D.E., Huang D.L., Simonovich S.D., Belza B. Condello G., DEDIPAC Consortium. Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Physical, Emotional, Social, School Functioning), Focus group, discussion, interviews, and a gender segregated post-it note activity, Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), Question, Questionnaires, Analysis of the childrens drawings of their environment. 201415 Health Behavior of School-Aged Children standardized survey. Time commitment to organised sports participation is also often seen as a 'cost' and therefore, becomes a potential barrier. There are hundreds of factors identified in the literature that can influence sports participation or non-participation, and the strength of each factor can vary from one individual to another and across each person's life-course. Two studies [52,54] found that boys attending public schools were reportedly participating less in leisure time PA than boys in private schools. Future studies should explore the reasons for such a difference in PA participation between urban and rural schools and between public and private schools. To identify the critical factors that influence peoples level of participation in PA and understand the relationships between these factors, the application of a social ecological model (SEM) as an organizational framework has been advocated by many researchers [14,15,16,17]. shoes, uniforms, fees), and less access to suitable facilities or programs in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Webster, Andrew and Naoki [41] also indicated that policy leadership for school PA in the U.S.A. mainly came from the district government where the school was located and to a lesser extent from the state and federal governments. Rio Paralympics 2016: Athletes find role-model status a tricky balance, Sports star endorsement works a treat on junk food packaging, Case Study: Measuring the impact of the FA player appearances programme 2015-2016, She Needs to See it to be it: The Importance of Same-Gender Athletic Role Models. De Vet E., De Ridder D.T.D., De Wit J.B.F. A growing body of research, based on social determinants of health perspectives, demonstrates that engaging in health enhancing behaviors such as participating in PA is far from being only a matter of an individuals decision or intention but also influenced by the social and physical environments [12,13]. Although PA is an essential component of health interventions, various intrapersonal factors and environmental barriers may prevent children and adolescents from participating in adequate levels of PA [8]. Another study from Israel reported that PA participation was different between adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds (Jews and Arabs), which could lead to health disparities [44]. In addition, children in rural areas had more leisure time, which was consistent with a previous report [72]. Determinants of public perception of elite sport, The continued importance of family sport culture for sport participation during the teenage years, She is where Id want to be in my career: Youth athletes role models and their implications for career and identity construction, Intergenerational transfer of a sports-related lifestyle within the family, Its alpha omega for succeeding and thriving: parents, children and sporting cultivation in Norway, The inspirational effect of sporting achievements and potential role models in football: a gender-specific analysis, Elite footballers as role models: promoting young womens football participation, Role models of Australian female adolescents: A longitudinal study to inform programmes designed to increase physical activity and sport participation, Student responses to physically literate adult role models.

This observation, however, is based on a limited number of studies. Careers. 1. More information is available in the Sport in Rural and Regional Australia topic.

Qualitatively exploring policy factors that influence PA participation can be an important step in questionnaire development [48]. 1 = Langille and Rodgers (2010) [40], 2 = Zhang et al.

Lower-income adults are less likely to exercise regularly than higher-income adults: 40% of lower-income adults (those with household incomes less than $25,000/year) say they exercise on a regular basis, while 64% of higherincome adults (those with household incomes of at least $75,000/year) say they exercise on a regular basis. Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth a review. Participants who feel confident in their abilities, and/or feel that they are learning and advancing their skills, and parents who feel their child is advancing in physical and social skills, are more likely to continue their participation in organised sports. At the interpersonal and organization levels, supports from friends, parents, and teachers were positive predictors of students PA participation. Alternatively, you can ask your institutional, university, or local library for assistanceor purchase documents directly from the publisher. (2013) [48], 5 = Pawlowski et al. This finding suggested that physical education educators and health promoters should aim to improve students self-concept continuously and at the same time encourage them to adopt and maintain regular PA. Three studies [46,52,53] showed that BMI was not associated with PA participation. The SEM is based on the assumption that the combination of individual, social, and physical environmental factors will best explain PA participation [17]. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs.

More information can also be found in the Engaging Parents in Sport and Role Models and Sport topics. Therefore, it is suggested that race/ethnicity and/or cultural backgrounds should be a consideration in the design of future studies investigating factors that influence PA participation.

Consistent with previous studies, when children or adolescents have high levels of self-concept, they tend to persist and actively participate in PA, and vice versa [11,62].

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