It follows that with an increase in S, the critical size, r*, decreases. This myth is persistently defended in order to antagonize noniron-based magnetoreceptor mechanisms in metazoans. Maghemite also has tetrahedral and octahedral sites and two cations in two nonequivalent positions. P - Polyhedra On/Off When thin steel plates (200m width), as a magnetic field gradient concentrator, placed on a magnet were laid under a cell culture surface, magnetically labeled cells were aligned on the surface where the magnetic field gradient concentrator was positioned. The concentrate is then mixed with small amounts of limestone and clay, then rolled into small round pellets. This technique employed the difference in densities between coal (1.31.4 tonnes per m) and shales (2.22.4 tonnes per m). Most of the iron ore mined today is a banded sedimentary rock known as taconite that contains a mixture of magnetite, hematite, and chert. This information is available for multiple locations on multiple continents. Scale: Not Given. I - Indicies if (headTags.length > 0) drag1 - LMB Manipulate Structure Sub Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle materials characterized by semi-curving surfaces. Help on Above. The particle size distribution obtained on changing these various parameters is attributed to changes in the nucleation and growth rate, which in turn depend on the relative supersaturation of the solute, S, the rate of nucleation, RN, and the critical size for formation of a particle, r*. Other studies describe the use of these NPs for the immobilization of some lysosomal enzymes, for example, those extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their use in growing eco-friendly antimicrobial agents as end products. The magnetite crystals in this photo are about eight to twelve millimeters in maximum dimension. The crystal structure of magnetite, Fe3O4, reproduced from Sorescu [24]. 3. Huge deposits have been found in banded iron formations. [20] Magnetite also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization. B - Bonds On/Off These nanosystems may reach intracellular and intercellular active concentrations and proved their efficiency in treating different infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and various fungi. urchinTracker(); Print or Cut-and-Paste your Magnetite Specimen Label here : It is based on a general phase transfer followed by a separation of solid from the solution phase during the synthesis and results in nanoparticles with a very narrow size distribution, This method uses high-intensity, high-energy ultrasonication via acoustic cavitation that produces localized heat with a temperature of about 5000. The clustering of molecules and subsequent particle precipitation depends on the relative supersaturation of the solute, where the relative supersaturation is the ratio of the activity of the solute in the supersaturated solution to that at equilibrium. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. html += '\n\n'; Thomas Witzke / Abraxas-Verlag, Comments: Green platy chesterite in black, metallic magnetite. Chitons, a type of mollusk, have a tongue-like structure known as a radula, covered with magnetite-coated teeth, or denticles. { Franz Oeters et al"Iron" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. [18][19], Commonly, igneous rocks contain solid solutions of both titanomagnetite and hemoilmenite or titanohematite. Because some tumor cells possess high endocytotic activity, the MCL uptake may depend on the endocytotic activity of the target cells. Such a collective behavior is called superparamagnetism (with the prefix super referring to the fact that such a collective has a surprisingly high susceptibility, that is, even a field of low intensity can induce a large magnetization). 4A. Such a torque mechanism is, of course, the basis of the mariners compass needle and is theoretically well understood. This method reported the synthesis of uniform nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution at large scale, Biomimetic production of magnetic nanoparticles by magnetotactic bacteria has been known for a long time. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store. Ferrofluids can be used for targeted drug delivery in the human body. The appearance of higher forms was considered as a result from a decrease in the surface energies caused by the lower surface to volume ratio in the rounded crystals. May contain several different elemental, Banded formation known as taconite - the primary Iron, Magnetite is a common mineral. [62], Due to its high iron content, magnetite has long been a major iron ore.[72] It is reduced in blast furnaces to pig iron or sponge iron for conversion to steel. The sol-gel method includes a multistep complicated procedure, followed by annealing under high temperature of 200400C. Therefore, coating is necessary for changing the surface property so that they can be dispersed in aqueous medium, The hydrothermal procedure requires an autogenous pressure and a reasonable temperature. Apart from the aforementioned technologies, there are reports of several Indian technologies developed for arsenic remediation that have been elaborated elsewhere in this book. Thus, there is a great advantage in applying the technique, because cell-surface antigens and specific antibodies are not always available for each cell type. Larger crystals become ferromagnetic, that is, they possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment at room temperature. [33][34] These sedimentary rocks have been used to infer changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere of the Earth. [75][76], Magnetite micro- and nanoparticles are used in a variety of applications, from biomedical to environmental. However, the activity of lysosomal enzymes could not be retained for any length of time (Bang etal., 2016). Ask about Magnetite here : { Its magnetic properties depend on the size and geometry of the magnetite crystals. The abrasive known as "emery" is a natural mixture of magnetite and corundum. [3], Hydrothermal synthesis usually produces single octahedral crystals which can be as large as 10mm (0.39in) across. The pile in the photo is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across. [12], In addition to igneous rocks, magnetite also occurs in sedimentary rocks, including banded iron formations and in lake and marine sediments as both detrital grains and as magnetofossils. Mouse Lodestone: A specimen of lodestone that has attracted numerous tiny particles of iron. Due to the torque of the magnetic field, the bacteria become aligned with the geomagnetic field lines and use this to swim in upward or downward directions. Following this strategy, oxidation to metal ions in the solution occurs at the anode followed by further reduction of metal ions to metal at the cathode in the presence of stabilizers. [78], Another application of magnetic nanoparticles is in the creation of ferrofluids. The line width of patterned cells could be adjusted by cell concentration, and patterned lines made of single cells were achieved by reducing the number of seeding cells. Magnetite and maghemite are the most used SPIONs for biomedical applications, including antimicrobial therapies. Optical studies show that this metal to insulator transition is sharp and occurs around 120K.[24] The Verwey transition is dependent on grain size, domain state, pressure,[25] and the iron-oxygen stoichiometry. H - Help Screen Cell types that have been labeled with MCLs, including different species (human, mouse, rat, canine), different cell types (primary cells, progenitor or stem cells, commonly used tumor cells), and their uptake amounts of, Antimicrobial Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003; Mohapatra and Anand, 2010, Shafi etal., 2002; Kelm and Mader, 2006; Jorgensen etal., 2007, Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, Nanoarchitectonics Used in Antiinfective Therapy, Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Inorganic Nanoparticles, ). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. A level of supersaturation, S, exists below which nucleation is slow and above which RN increases rapidly. [15] The crystals were more rounded than usual. The QFM and MW buffers have been used extensively in laboratory experiments on rock chemistry. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that magnetite nanoshuttles are able to stabilize and maintain the efficiency of many natural and synthetic compounds utilized in antimicrobial therapy.102 Because of their low dimensions, magnetite nanoparticles may penetrate biological membranes easily, which are often inaccessible for other delivery systems. It is less clear whether the detection of the magnetic field by bacteria amounts to true sensing or whether it is merely a passive effect because the torque of the magnetic field will rotate living and dead bacteria alike. In one study, the characteristic nanoparticles were found in the brains of 37 people: 29 of these, aged 3 to 85, had lived and died in Mexico City, a significant air pollution hotspot. { It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic;[6] it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. When freely suspended on a string, a small piece of lodestone will align itself with Earth's magnetic field. Although magnetite sands and other heavy mineral accumulations are common, they are infrequently developed as mineral deposits because their size or grade is inadequate. Biological magnetite may store information about the magnetic fields the organism was exposed to, potentially allowing scientists to learn about the migration of the organism or about changes in the Earth's magnetic field over time. function printSpecial() The QFM buffer, in particular, produces an oxygen fugacity close to that of most igneous rocks. [17], Natural and synthetic magnetite occurs most commonly as octahedral crystals bounded by {111} planes and as rhombic-dodecahedra. The antibacterial properties of MNPs coated with various antibiotics were investigated using E.coli and S.aureus and the percent of colony growth inhibition and the minimum inhibition concentration were determined. [62] In tissue, magnetite and ferritin can produce small magnetic fields which will interact with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) creating contrast. Today, geologists can study the magnetic properties of rocks of various age and reconstruct the history of change in Earth's magnetic field. Original Rockhounds Discussion Group However, unlike magnetite, the crystal structure of maghemite presents vacant cation sites, commonly in octahedral sites. Likewise, magnetite in different organ systems is rather a by-product of the iron metabolism than an indicator of magnetosensation unless it is localized within or next to sensory nerve endings. html += printReadyElem.innerHTML; By means of their magnetosomal chain, bacteria are passively aligned in the geomagnetic field.

else [15][16], As a member of the inverse spinel group, magnetite can form solid solutions with similarly structured minerals, including ulvospinel (.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}Fe2TiO4) and magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4). printWin.document.write(html); Myth: All metazoan magnetoreceptors originate from endosymbiontic magnetotactic bacteria, and therefore, must be composed of chains of single domain magnetite crystals: WRONG. Potentially a human health hazard, airborne magnetite is a result of pollution (specifically combustion). This form of magnetite, known as "lodestone," was man's first encounter with the property of magnetism. There are two different interstices that the metal ions can occupy: tetrahedral sites and octahedral sites. Comments: Black, opaque octahedral crystals of magnetite on matrix. var headTags = document.getElementsByTagName("head"); At lower oxygen levels, magnetite can form a buffer with quartz and fayalite known as the QFM buffer. Extra steps and repeated observations are required when using a compass in Tasmania to keep navigation problems to the minimum. [62][63] Magnetite can be found in the hippocampus. Particles contaminated with pyrite (a sulfide mineral with a high specific gravity) sink into the high-density slurry. Amedea B. Seabra, Paula S. Haddad, in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy, 2017. The crystal forms of magnetite include octahedron and rhombodecahedron and the specific surface area ranges from 4 to 100m2/g (Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003; Mohapatra and Anand, 2010).

This specimen is approximately 10 centimeters across. [50] There are also instances of magnetite with origins in space coming from meteorites. Fig. Powdered magnetite is often mixed with a liquid to produce a thick, high-density slurry that is used for specific gravity separations. T. Ritz, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009. Image copyright iStockphoto / Anna Usova. I - Data Info [67], Electron microscope scans of human brain-tissue samples are able to differentiate between magnetite produced by the body's own cells and magnetite absorbed from airborne pollution, the natural forms being jagged and crystalline, while magnetite pollution occurs as rounded nanoparticles. [43] In 2005, an exploration company, Cardero Resources, discovered a vast deposit of magnetite-bearing sand dunes in Peru. "); The particle size is controlled by regulating the electrochemical oxidation, current density, or potential difference of the system, The microwave-assisted method offers the advantages of rapid heating, high reaction rate, reduced reaction time, and increased product yield. This indicates that magnetite contains both ferrous (divalent) and ferric (trivalent) iron, suggesting crystallization in an environment containing intermediate levels of oxygen. Mineral Discussion Forum from Fabre Minerals - also available in It can easily be identified by its magnetic properties, lower hardness, and bronze color. alert("Could not find the printReady section in the HTML"); Many recent studies reported the synthesis of antimicrobial magnetite nanoparticles using a coprecipitation method. Magnetite and maghemite form a close-packed cubic lattice with the iron ions located at interstices between the oxygen ions. Chifiriuc, in Antibiotic Resistance, 2016. html += '\n\n\n'; In contrast, incubation at 37C permits the endocytosis pathway. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Scale: Picture size 5 mm. The reaction is complex and involves the conversion of the hydroxide particles to magnetite. On account of more number of adsorption sites, the M-RGO hybrids exhibit high binding capacity for As(III) and As(V), and therefore are able to bring down arsenic levels to as low as 1ppb (Chandra et al., 2010). F - Fit to Screen

Although this labeling method is very simple because of no modification of nanoparticle surface and no addition of transfection agent, cell-binding capacity is much lower than that of cationic liposomes. On the other hand, MCLs showed high cell-binding capacity due to the encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles into cationic liposomes (Table I). alert("Sorry, the print ready feature is only available in modern browsers. V. Grumezescu, M.C. Taconite pellets: These red spheres are taconite pellets that are ready to ship to a steel mill. Such black sands (mineral sands or iron sands) are found in various places, such as Lung Kwu Tan of Hong Kong; California, United States; and the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. [74], Approximately 23% of the world's energy budget is allocated to the Haber Process for nitrogen fixation, which relies on magnetite-derived catalysts. [69] Though a causal link has not yet been established, laboratory studies suggest that iron oxides such as magnetite are a component of protein plaques in the brain. [70], Increased iron levels, specifically magnetic iron, have been found in portions of the brain in Alzheimer's patients. Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming large masses. [30][31]:794, Magnetite is sometimes found in large quantities in beach sand. Magnetite Crystals: Octahedral crystals are a common crystal habit of magnetite. S.W. Lou Perloff / Photo Atlas of Minerals, Comments: Colorless to white bladed crystals of nordenskildine with black magnetite.

[52] These organisms range from magnetotactic bacteria (e.g., Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) to animals, including humans, where magnetite crystals (and other magnetically sensitive compounds) are found in different organs, depending on the species. Table 7.1. The black spheres (A) represent tetrahedral Fe3+ ions, red spheres (B) represent octahedral Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions, and the yellow spheres (C) correspond to oxygen anions. html += headTags[0].innerHTML; The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction, resulting in a highly porous high-surface-area material, which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst. } printWin.print();

In 1946, the 3M researchers found they could improve the magnetite-based tape, which utilized powders of cubic crystals, by replacing the magnetite with needle-shaped particles of gamma ferric oxide (-Fe2O3). This phenomenon occurs because of a spinel structure with two magnetic sublattices. This would allow the treatment of only a small area of the body, rather than the body as a whole, and could be highly useful in cancer treatment, among other things. Location: Near Missoula, Missoula County, Montana, USA. In the case of magnetite, particles can be prepared from the coprecipitation of hydroxides from an aqueous solution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the mole ratio of approximately 1:2 using a base (Khalafalla and Reimers 1973). Because of their capacity to penetrate bacteria cells and biofilms, nanoparticulate antimicrobial agents have become increasingly recognized for their impact in the control of infectious diseases. The unit cell consists of 32O2 ions and unit cell length is a = 0.839nm. The sand contains 10% magnetite. [54] In humans, magnetite can be found in various parts of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, brainstem, cerebellum and basal ganglia. [77] This method works with radioactive and carcinogenic particles as well, making it an important cleanup tool in the case of heavy metals introduced into water systems. They can be directly loaded into a blast furnace at a mill and be used to produce iron or steel. The key difference between Fe3O4 and -Fe2O3 is that in the case of Fe3O4, Fe2+ is in eight tetrahedral sites, while Fe3+ ions occupy 16 octahedral sites in a unit cell. The bacterial magnetosomes can contain magnetite or maghemite or Greigite or no iron at all. Some types of anaerobic bacteria that are not magnetotactic can also create magnetite in oxygen free sediments by reducing amorphic ferric oxide to magnetite. Such plaques have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. Magnetosomes consist of long chains of oriented magnetite particle that are used by bacteria for navigation. If you feel any of the content is incorrect, or if you feel we are missing vital locality information, please fill out the form below so we can update the site. Our Recommended Book Selection at Amazon.com, Financial Donations and Collection Acquisitions.

if (document.getElementById != null) For ferromagnetic materials and certain geometries of superparamagnetic material, the geomagnetic field exerts a torque on the magnetite, thereby providing a force that rotates it into the direction of the magnetic field. if (document.getElementsByTagName != null) [15] Twinning occurs on the {111} plane. Rockhounds Discussion Group on Yahoo Groups Sukanchan Palit, Jigni Mishra, in Separation Science and Technology, 2019. Magnetite, Fe3O4, has an inverse-spinel structure. Oxidation of Fe2+ leads to the stoichiometry of the particles not being purely magnetite, which can be circumvented by adjusting the ratio of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ concentrations.Some oxidation of the particles themselves may occur during the preparation or may subsequently oxidize over a period of time to maghemite (-Fe2O3). However, an external magnetic field induces magnetization in a collection of such particles, which is lost once the field is switched off. Massive - Granular - Common texture observed in granite and other igneous rock. Expressions for r* and RN are given by Walbridge (1987) which depend on the interfacial tension and free energy of dilution per unit volume of the precipitating phase. These results indicate that magnetic pattering of HUVECs onto Matrigel is a possible approach in tissue engineering. [53][54] Biomagnetites account for the effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. In the crystallization of an igneous rock, tiny crystals of magnetite form in the melt, and because they are magnetic, they orient themselves with the direction and polarity of Earth's magnetic field. [13], The chemical composition of magnetite is Fe2+(Fe3+)2(O2-)4. Rat bone marrow stromal cells showed the lowest MCL uptake.45 However, all cell types, including rat bone marrow stromal cells,45 could be attracted to the magnetic field (4000G), suggesting that MCL is a superior tool for universal magnetic labeling of cells. Another application of MNPs aims at combining them with other types of NPs such as silver NPs to obtain extraordinary antimicrobial properties. Magnetite sand: Some beach and river sands contain high concentrations of magnetite. [32] The magnetite, eroded from rocks, is carried to the beach by rivers and concentrated by wave action and currents. Jeff Weissman / Photographic Guide to Mineral Species, Mouse PROP.(Enc. [79], For the separation of coal from waste, dense medium baths were used. An example of this is the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles via the oxidative hydrolysis of iron sulphate in alkaline media [25, 26]. { [26] An isotropic point also occurs near the Verwey transition around 130K, at which point the sign of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant changes from positive to negative.

The Mossbauer technique is a useful tool to differentiate between magnetite and maghemite (Haddad etal., 2004; Bandhu etal., 2015). These pellets are easy to handle and transport by ship, rail, or truck. Iron an abundant resource - Iron and steel", "Geological reconnaissance of some Uruguayan iron and manganese deposits in 1962", "New insights on the evolution of the Lyon Mountain Granite and associated Kiruna-type magnetite-apatite deposits, Adirondack Mountains, New York State", "Magnetic Rocks - Their Effect on Compass Use and Navigation in Tasmania", "Magnetofossils, the Magnetization of Sediments, and the Evolution of Magnetite Biomineralization", "Origin of supposedly biogenic magnetite in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001", "Sensing magnetic directions in birds: radical pair processes involving cryptochrome", "Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain", "KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines to sense weak extracellular electric fields in galvanotaxis", "Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism", "Directional orientation of birds by the magnetic field under different light conditions", "Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain", "Maverick scientist thinks he has discovered a magnetic sixth sense in humans", "Biophysics of magnetic orientation: strengthening the interface between theory and experimental design", "Air pollution is sending tiny magnetic particles into your brain", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Magnetite (Fe3O4): Properties, Synthesis, and Applications", "Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging", "Magnetene: Graphene-like 2D material leverages quantum effects to achieve ultra-low friction", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&oldid=1096909349, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Black, gray with brownish tint in reflected sun, On {Ill} as both twin and composition plane, the spinel law, as contact twins, Magnetic with definite north and south poles, This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 12:18. The maximum uptake amount of MCLs varied among cell types. Table 2 summarizes the most commonly used chemical methods of synthesis of SPIONs [28]. Vacancies in the octahedral sites compensate for the increased positive charge (Machala etal., 2001). The magnetite (or wstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen in the process. However, oxidation appears to be of little consequence in most technological application as the oxidation has little effect, if any, on the colloidal stability, and results in only a relatively small decrease in the magnetic moment of the particles, at most 10%. [15] In the presence of mineralizers such as 0.1M HI or 2M NH4Cl and at 0.207MPa at 416800C, magnetite grew as crystals whose shapes were a combination of rhombic-dodechahedra forms. if (printReadyElem != null) if (gAutoPrint) [51], Biomagnetism is usually related to the presence of biogenic crystals of magnetite, which occur widely in organisms. Nuclei below a critical size, r*, may either dissolve or grow, but above which nuclei grow and precipitation occurs. Table 2. Magnetite reacts with oxygen to produce hematite, and the mineral pair forms a buffer that can control how oxidizing its environment is (the oxygen fugacity). The unit cell edge length is 0.839nm. From: Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials, 2018, Akira Ito, Masamichi Kamihira, in Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 2011. var gAutoPrint = true; // Flag for whether or not to automatically call the print function The structure is inverse spinel, with O2 ions forming a face-centered cubic lattice and iron cations occupying interstitial sites. Crystalline - Fine - Occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals.

Warning: this large pop-up is very compute intensive and Charles, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. [60] The hardness of the magnetite helps in breaking down food. Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe2+Fe3+2O4. Magnetite in the brain often occurs as leftover of the iron metabolism, with an increased amount along with inflammation, degeneration or neoplasmic processes. Magnetite-based nanosystems have been utilized efficiently to deliver many biologically active compounds. Many localities and environments world wide. (AntBidBlaNic3). [7][8] With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth. They are often seen in igneous and metamorphic rocks and sometimes seen in sediments near the magnetite source area. Keyboard The resulting particles reported have polydispersity but with a high yield, Thermal decomposition is performed under an inert atmosphere at high temperature from 240C to 320C. Can be biogenically produced by a wide variety of organisms. Copyright 1997 - 2022 Hershel Friedman and Minerals.net, all rights reserved. [73], Audio recording using magnetic acetate tape was developed in the 1930s. G. Fleissner, G. Fleissner, in Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 2010. Named for Magnes, a Geek shepherd, who discovered the mineral on Mt, Ida, He noted that the nails of his shoe and the iron ferrule of his staff clung to a rock. Espaol Even if MNPs display an important antimicrobial effect, some studies have reported that these nanostructures may be very toxic for host cells in active doses or even higher concentrations (Atta etal., 2015). S - Stereo Pair on/off A similar orientation of tiny magnetite grains occurs in the settling of sediment particles, locking clues to Earth's magnetic history into some sedimentary rocks. The first one is the cubic vacancy-disordered structure, in which the vacancies are randomly distributed. Summary of the most common methods of SPIONs synthesis is outlined below [28]. Creative Commons photo by Harvey Henkelmann. The characteristic black color of magnetite arises from inter-valence charge transfer between octahedral Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions within the crystal structure, perhaps due to its ability to absorb visible light of all wave lengths [23]. Magnetotactic bacteria are not universal model systems for magnetoreceptors. These nanoparticles can travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve, increasing the concentration of magnetite in the brain.

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