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Phone: 202-775-8810 epi@epi.org Annual increases based on the lesser of 3.5% or a percentage amount equal to the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI for the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose metropolitan area. However, the state legislature subsequently passed a new premption law to undo the St. Louis increase. The city ordinance specifies the following schedule: $8.50, effective 8-24-2015; $9.82, effective 1-1-2017; $10.96, effective 1-1-2018; $11.98, effective 1-1-2019; $13.00, effective 1-1-2020; annual indexing beginning 1-1-2021. Same as the regular minimum wage. The Flagstaff tipped minimum wage will be gradually raised over a 10-year period until it is equal to the regular minimum wage in 2026. I am happy to move forward with this group to make it happen and give the American people a raise., Throughout this pandemic, Democrats and Republicans alike have joined together in rightly calling our frontline workers heroes. But despite their tireless work and the risk of COVID exposure, too many of these workers are paid wages so low, they cant afford to pay for even their most basic needs. Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties. Nonurban counties include Baker, Coos, Crook, Curry, Douglas, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Jefferson, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, and Wheeler counties. Los Angeles enacted its own minimum wage in 2015 by city council ordinance. The St. Louis tipped minimum wage is set at 50% of the regular city minimum wage. wage minimum Vermonts tipped minimum wage is set at 50% of the regular minimum wage. * If the ordinance had not been preempted, the Johnson County minimum wage would have continued at $10.10, with annual indexing beginning July 1, 2018.*. The county ordinance applies to businesses outside the incorporated boundaries of the City of Santa Fe. State minimum wage of $2.00 applies to workers in companies with fewer than 10 employees or who work for businesses with gross annual sales less than $100,000. The federal minimum wage has not been raised since 2009.

Annual increases based on the previous years percentage change in the CPI-W for the West census region. In 2020, Michigan experienced high levels of unemployment and delayed the scheduled increase by one year. Inflation indexing cannot go beyond 3.5% in any given year. This is the base minimum wage for the state that applies to all areas outside New York City and Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester counties. No single-year adjustments may exceed 3%. Array Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-U, U.S. city average, rounded to the nearest 5 cents. 603, S. 53). Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI for the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose metropolitan area. It set a minimum wage of $0.25 an hour as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), a component of President Roosevelts New Deal. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the price deflator for national personal consumption expenditures (PCE), with a maximum increase of 2.5%, beginning January 1, 2018. Regardless of what the Senate Parliamentarian says, the House should keep the Raise the Wage Act in their version of the American Relief Plan, and pass the most comprehensive version of relief legislation possible. Iowas tipped minimum wage is set at 60% of the regular minimum wage. 603)would gradually increase the federal minimum wage to $15 over five years. Oakland enacted its own minimum wage in 2014 by ballot measure. The ordinance also specifies that the mayor must report biannually on employers compliance with the minimum wage, describing the volume of audits and inspections, compliance rates, and any actions taken to remedy infractions. Employers with 500 or fewer employees are subject to a minimum wage of $15.75, provided covered employees receive tips or employer contributions toward medical benefits equivalent to at least $1.52 per hour.

Pennsylvanias minimum wage is set equal to the federal minimum wage by statute. St. Louiss ordinance was originally thought to be grandfathered in; however, a circuit judge struck down the St. Louis measure in October 2015, just before it was scheduled to take effect. Employers who pay at least $1.50 per hour toward an employee medical benefits plan may pay $1.50 less than the applicable minimum wage. Privacy Policy Contact Us. sighted quotehd alimenti

Small businesses (those with 10 employees or fewer) have a minimum wage of $13.50. Utah excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act. In 2011, the New Hampshire legislature eliminated the minimum wage established by the state, setting it equal to the value set by the federal minimum wage. EPI is an independent, nonprofit think tank that researches the impact of economic trends and policies on working people in the United States. (This small employer minimum wage is adjusted for inflation each year similarly to the regular minimum wage.). Forfact sheetonRaise the Wage Act, clickhere. However, the state legislature subsequently passed a new preemption law to undo the St. Louis increase. *, Tacoma enacted its own minimum wage in 2015 by ballot measure*. A similar bill to increase the federal minimum wage failed to pass in March after lawmakers from rural and Republican-leaning districts raised concerns, claiming that it would be too much of a burden for some small businesses, especially in places where the cost of living is lower than large urban areas. $5.49 to $6.06, effective January 1, 2017 (reverted to $4.35 in March 2017)*, The Johnson County tipped minimum wage reverted to $4.35 in March 2017 due to state-level preemption of the county ordinance (see Notes). For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. "Today is a bright day because it affects so many people in our country," Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., (pictured last month) said Thursday after the House passed a bill to raise the federal minimum wage. *Albuquerques minimum wage is superseded by the higher state minimum wage. Businesses of different sizes have different raise schedules. wage Bill summaries are authored by CRS. The minimum wage for these workers is: $9.25, effective 1-1-2022; $10.50, effective 1-1-2023; $12.00, effective 1-1-2024; and $13.00, effective 1-1-2025. This is about workers, it's about their economic and financial security, and today is a bright day because it affects so many people in our country, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., said Thursday at a press conference flanked by fast-food workers, activists and lawmakers ahead of the scheduled vote. Annual increases based on the percentage change in the CPI-U beginning July 1, 2022, capped at 2.5%, rounded to the nearest 5 cents. Santa Rosa enacted its own minimum wage in 2019 by city council ordinance. * The Alabama state legislature passed a law in March 2016, shortly before the ordinance was to go into effect, preempting local governments from adopting minimum wages above the states minimum wage. Right now, $15 an hour is barely enough for self-sufficiency in a lot of high-cost areas. Were a grassroots movement of thousands of local Indivisible groups with a mission to elect progressive leaders, rebuild our democracy, and defeat the Trump agenda. 603, S. 53) was reintroduced in both the House and Senate by Reps. Bobby Scott (VA-03) and Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-VT). Nonurban counties rate is then set to $1.00 less than the states base rate. Now, the pandemic is highlighting the gross imbalance between the productivity of our nations workers and the wages they are paid. Annual increases based on the June-to-June change in the employment cost index for wages and salaries of all civilian workers. East Palo Alto enacted its own minimum wage in 2020 by city council ordinance. This lowered the effective tipped minimum wage in Linn County from $4.95 down to $4.35. Georgia exempts tipped employees from its minimum wage law. See notes. it was a compromise with racist southern Democrats, earn $5 an hour less than their white male counterparts. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-W, U.S. city average. The St. Paul minimum wage ordinance establishes separate minimum wages and increase schedules for businesses of four different sizes: macro (more than 10,000 employees), large (101-10,000 employees), small (6-100 employees), and micro (five or fewer employees). West Virginias tipped minimum wage is set at 30% of the regular minimum wage. For tipped workers at small employers (500 or fewer employees), small employers may credit a portion of tips against the minimum wage, resulting in an effective tipped minimum wage of $15.75 in 2022. $14.00, effective 1-1-2023 / $15.00, effective 1-1-2024 / Annual indexing beginning 1-1-2025. Tipped employees must be paid 38% of the regular state minimum wage. Just like previous efforts to increase and expand the minimum wage, the Raise the Wage Act is another opportunity to help close the racial pay gap, create a more equitable economy, and provide an economic boost to workers of color. We make calls. Amusement parks and recreational establishments are required to pay only 85% of the regular minimum wage. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-W for the Northeast Region, rounded to the nearest 5 cents. *Prince Georges Countys minimum wage is superseded by the higher state minimum wage. North Dakotas tipped minimum wage is set at 67% of the regular minimum wage. It does not supersede the citys ordinance. [actionDate] => 2021-01-28 *Bernalillo Countys minimum wage is superseded by the higher state minimum wage. Minimum wage earners are disproportionately workers of color, so raising the minimum wage has enormous potential to close the racial pay gap. Many also contain a variety of smaller occupational exclusions and in some cases, exclusions for seasonal and part-time youth workers. After a specified period, these employees shall be paid the same minimum wage as regular employees. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-W, U.S. city average, beginning 1-1-2021. No more excuses. *In September 2018, the Michigan legislature adopted an initiative scheduled to be on the November ballot that would have raised the state minimum wage to $12.00 by 2022 and set it to be adjusted for inflation every year thereafter. 2176 Rayburn House Office Building Washington DC 20515 202-225-3725, Education and Opportunity for Every Student, Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education Subcommittee, Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee, Higher Education and Workforce Investment Subcommittee, Civil Rights and Human Services Subcommittee. We dont know yet if that effort will be successful, or if Democrats will allow the Senate Parliamentarian to strip out the provision under the Byrd Rule. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-W for the West census region, rounded to the nearest 5 cents. Santa Monica enacted its own minimum wage in 2016 by city council ordinance. * Las Crucess minimum wage is superseded by the higher state minimum wage. Essential workers have been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic and we cant wait for help any longer.". Washington was the first state to enact annual inflation indexing in 2001. The tipped minimum wage is set at the regular minimum wage minus a fixed tip credit of $3.02. This lowered the effective minimum wage in Linn County from $8.25 down to $7.25. Raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour has the support of a large majority of voters in battleground congressional districts, including white and non-white voters, Independents, voters in cities, suburbs, and rural areas, and voters up and down the income scale. For businesses with 11 to 50 employees: $14.50, effective 7-1-2022; $15.00, effective 7-1-2023. Las Cruces enacted its own tipped minimum wage in 2014. Its long past time to correct these injustices. Theres more opportunity than weve ever seen. Businesses with fewer than six employees, and those engaged in seasonal employment, are subject to a separate increase schedule: $11.90, effective 1-1-2022; $12.70, effective 1-1-2023; $13.50, effective 1-1-2024; $14.30, effective 1-1-2025; $15.00, effective 1-1-2026; half the difference between $15.00 and the regular minimum wage, effective 1-1-2027; parity with the regular minimum wage, effective 1-1-2028. If we fail to act, working families will continue to fall further behind. * If the ordinance had not been preempted, the Polk County minimum wage would have increased to $8.75, effective April 1, 2017, *. This lowered the effective minimum wage in Johnson County from $10.10 down to $7.25. Subsequently, after the November election, the legislature amended the legislation so that the tipped minimum wage would remain equal to 38% of the regular minimum wage. Washington, DC 20005 Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the CPI-W for the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose metropolitan area. Annual increases may occur on July 1 of each year based on the percentage change in the CPI-U, if certain circumstances apply. Portland UGBs rate is then set to $1.25 greater than the states base rate. *On March 30, 2017, Iowas governor signed HF 295, a bill that nullified Linn Countys minimum wage ordinance, including all future increases, and preempted any local government in Iowa from establishing a minimum wage higher than the state minimum wage. * If the ordinance had not been preempted, the Linn County tipped minimum wage would have continued at $6.06, with annual indexing beginning July 1, 2018.*. Policy choices have tilted the playing field toward the rich and corporations. The federal minimum wage has been stuck at $7.25 an hour since 2009, even as the cost of living in the United States continues to rise. And fair pay leads to better quality, better ideas and better customer service,said Mike Draper, owner of Raygun LLC, an Iowa-based clothing and home goods company and member of Business for a Fair Minimum Wage. The minimum wage as listed applies to businesses with 26 or more employees. The $7.25 an hour federal minimum wage is a starvation wage,said Senator Sanders. * If the ordinance had not been preempted, the Wapello County minimum wage would have increased to $9.15, effective January 1, 2018, and*. Indivisibles organize -- which means building power and flexing at key moments. Flagstaff enacted its own minimum wage by ballot measure in 2016. The 2019 legislation that will raise the regular minimum wage to $15.00 froze these tipped minimum wages at their existing dollar amounts. Thereafter, the federal minimum wage would be indexed to median wage growth. * The Alabama state legislature passed a law in March 2016, shortly before the ordinance was to go into effect, preempting local governments from adopting minimum wages above the states minimum wage. $6.00, effective 1-1-2023 / Annual indexing beginning 1-1-2024. How do taxes and spending work, and where do you fit in? New Yorks tipped minimum wage is set equal to the greater of $8.35 or two-thirds of the regular minimum wage or the prevailing minimum wage of a given geography. Chicago amended its minimum wage ordinance in 2019. The Kansas City tipped minimum wage is set at 50% of the regular state minimum wage. Employers may pay $0.75 below the regular minimum wage if an employees combined base wage plus tips exceeds $7.00 per hour more than the regular minimum wage. Democrats are asking for $15 an hour, because no one working 40 hours a week, should be making $15,000 a year. Why give to EPI Tennessee has a promised wage law whereby the employers are responsible for paying to the employees the wages promised by the employer.

Milpitas enacted its own minimum wage in 2017 by city council ordinance. New Mexico has a lower minimum wage of $8.50 for students enrolled in secondary school. Prince Georges County enacted its own minimum wage in 2013 by county ordinance.*. The Raise the Wage Act would: Well, its both good politics and good policy. Program on Race, Ethnicity, and the Economy, Economic Analysis and Research Network (EARN), eliminating the subminimum wage for tipped workers, Program on Race, Ethnicity, and the Economy PREE, Economic Analysis and Research Network EARN, $8.50, effective 7-1-2016* / $10.10, effective 7-1-2017 / Annual indexing beginning 7-1-2018, Annual increases based on the increase, if any, in the cost of living.. In November, more than 60 percent of voters in Florida voted to increase the state minimum wage. Texass minimum wage is set equal to the federal minimum wage by statute. Image from Leni Manaa-Hoppenworth of Indivisible IL9 Andersonville-Edgewater. Increases scheduled to begin in 2017 did not go into effect due to state-level preemption*, The Polk County minimum wage remains equal to the state minimum wage due to state-level preemption of the county ordinance (see Notes).

TheRaise the Wage Act of 2021(H.R. In February 2017, the Missouri Supreme Court struck down the state legislatures 2015 minimum wage preemption law, effectively overturning the circuit judges decision. Prior to the legislation that increased the regular minimum wage in 2014, the Maryland tipped minimum wage was set at 50% of the regular minimum wage. *On March 30, 2017, Iowas governor signed HF 295, a bill that nullified Wapello Countys minimum wage ordinance, including all future increases, and preempted any local government in Iowa from establishing a minimum wage higher than the state minimum wage. Pasadena enacted its own minimum wage in 2016 by city council ordinance. *In October 2016, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that cities do not have the authority to raise the minimum wage, and the Lexington minimum wage was rolled back to $7.25. Palo Alto updated its minimum wage in 2016 by city council ordinance. The New Hampshire tipped minimum wage is set at 45% of the effective regular minimum wage. In 2015, it amended the ordinance to freeze the tipped minimum wage at $4.00 per hour, regardless of any subsequent changes in the regular minimum wage. * If the ordinance had not been preempted, the Linn County tipped minimum wage would have increased to $5.55, effective January 1, 2018, and*. Not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee. San Diego enacted its own minimum wage in 2016 by city council ordinance. All others subject to federal minimum. More than half of those who would benefit would be women. Santa Monicas minimum wage schedule applies to businesses with at least 26 employees. The amendment was adopted Thursday with a vote of 248-181. The minimum wage applies to adult and minor employees who work two or more hours per week. *In September 2018, the Michigan legislature adopted an initiative scheduled to be on the November ballot that would have raised the state tipped minimum wage to be equal to the regular minimum wage by 2024. Interactive tools and videos bringing clarity to the national dialogue on economic inequality. Employers with 20 or fewer employees have a minimum wage of $14.50. Raising the federal minimum wage to $15 by 2025 will be a boost to the economy, and a boost to our sales. $4.35 to $4.95, effective January 1, 2017 (reverted to $4.35 in March 2017)*, The Linn County tipped minimum wage reverted to $4.35 in March 2017 due to state-level preemption of the county ordinance (see Notes). The minimum wage will not increase when Cook Countys unemployment rate is greater than 8.5% for the preceding year. Portlands ordinance also requires that employees be paid 1.5 times the minimum wage rate for work performed during an emergency declared by the state or city if that emergency applies to the employees geographical workplace. The St. Louis ordinance went into effect on May 5, 2017, raising the citys tipped minimum wage to $5.00. Smaller businesses will be subject to the same minimum wage rates and raise schedule, delayed by one year (e.g., $14.25 in July 2020 and reaching $15.00 in July 2021). The New York minimum wage law allows for wage orders that govern wage requirements in specific industries. Annual increases to the states base minimum wage are based on the March-to-March change in the CPI-U, U.S. city average, rounded to nearest 5 cents. Kansass tipped minimum wage is set equal to the federal tipped minimum wage by statute. Annual increases based on the August-to-August percentage change in the price deflator for national personal consumption expenditures (PCE), with a maximum increase of 2.5%. Today, a full-time worker cannot afford a modest, two-bedroom apartment in any county in the U.S.,said Chairman Scott. Employers with fewer than 15 employees are subject to a separate increase schedule: $12.20, effective 1-1-2022; $12.80, effective 1-1-2023; $13.40, effective 1-1-2024; $14.60, effective 1-1-2025; $15.00, effective 1-1-2026. In February 2017, the Missouri Supreme Court struck down the state legislatures 2015 minimum wage preemption law, effectively overturning the circuit judges decision. The local minimum wage applies to employees working two or more hours per week within the geographic boundaries of Redwood City. Malibu enacted its own minimum wage in 2016 by city council ordinance. Chicagos tipped minimum wage is set at 60% of the regular minimum wage. The minimum wage applies to employees who work within Redwood City even when their employer is not located within Redwood City. Bartenders have a separate minimum wage equal to $8.23. $12.00, effective 1-1-2023 / Annual indexing beginning 1-1-2024. St. Paul enacted its own minimum wage in 2018 by city council ordinance. By re-introducing the Chair Bobby Scotts Raise the Wage Act, which passed on a bipartisan basis in the previous Congress, the Democratic Congress is taking another strong and long-needed step to honor the dignity, dedication and contributions of millions of hard-working Americans. The lesser of 3.5% or the annual increase in the CPI-W for the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward metropolitan area. As of 12-31-2018, the fast-food minimum wage in New York City is the same as the overall city minimum wage of $15. Kentuckys tipped minimum wage is set equal to the federal tipped minimum wage by statute. *On March 30, 2017, Iowas governor signed HF 295, a bill that nullified Johnson Countys minimum wage ordinance, including all future increases, and preempted any local government in Iowa from establishing any minimum wage higher than the state minimum wage. The large business minimum wage is $13.50, effective 7-1-2022; $15.00, effective 7-1-2023; same as the macro minimum wage, effective 7-1-2024. We show up. The Nevada Constitution requires that the state minimum wage be adjusted annually based upon the cumulative inflation as measured by the CPI since December 31, 2004. *On March 30, 2017, Iowas governor signed HF 295, a bill that nullified Linn Countys minimum wage ordinance, including all future increases, and preempted any local government in Iowa from establishing any minimum wage higher than the state minimum wage. Employees guaranteed a monthly compensation of $2,000 or more are exempt from the state minimum wage law. *Tacomas city minimum wage was superseded by the state minimum wage on 1-1-2020. $12.00, effective 10-1-2022 / $14.00, effective 1-1-2024 / $16.00, effective 1-1-2026 / $18.00, effective 1-1-2028.

The Albuquerque tipped minimum wage is set at 60% of the regular minimum wage. Annual increases based on the lesser of 5% or the February-to-February percentage change in the CPI-U for the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose metropolitan area. Some Democrats, such as Rep. Tom O'Halleran of Arizona, introduced an amendment to the legislation that would require the Government Accountability Office to monitor the economic and employment impacts of the gradual increase and then submit a report to Congress after the second increase but before the third. When the regular minimum wage was increased in 1996, the tipped minimum wage was fixed at $2.13. $17.00, effective 1-1-2023 / Annual indexing beginning 1-1-2024. Same as the regular minimum wage. The regions minimum wage is to be set at $1.00 less than the states base minimum wage when indexing begins on July 1, 2023. Indianas minimum wage is set equal to the federal minimum wage by statute.

Annual increases based on the calendar-year increase in the CPI-U, U.S. city average. *The Missouri state legislature passed a law in September 2015 preempting local governments from adopting minimum wages above the states minimum wage. Chicagos tipped minimum wage ordinance was amended in 2019. Belmont enacted its own minimum wage in 2017 by city council ordinance. State law establishes separate minimum wage rates for New York City and downstate counties. (. The Economic Policy Institute staff is unionized with the This lowered the effective tipped minimum wage in Wapello County from $4.92 down to $4.35. Indivisible Action is a Hybrid Political Action Committee. It calls for a gradual increase in the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour from $7.25, to be phased in over several years. According to anindependent analysisconducted by the Economic Policy Institute, theRaise the Wage Actwould increase wages for nearly 32 million Americans, including roughly a third of all Black workers and a quarter of all Latino workers. Newsletter Businesses with fewer than 26 employees are subject to a minimum wage equal to $1 less than the large business minimum wage through 2023. Forthebill textof theRaise the Wage Act, clickhere. After years of sustained pressure, the workers and labor activists leading the Fight for $15 movement have won raises for 22 million workers nationwide through increases in the minimum wage at the local and state levelsbut its time to do the same for everyone. Los Angeles County enacted its own minimum wage in 2015 by county ordinance. Louisville enacted its own minimum wage in 2014 by metro council ordinance.*. In the United States of America a job must lift workers out of poverty, not keep them in it. San Leandros minimum wage was superseded by the higher state minimum wage on January 1, 2022. Annual increases based on the February-to-February percentage change in the CPI-W for the Los Angeles metropolitan area, beginning July 1, 2022. The history of minimum wage policy in the United States is a story of racist policies at the federal and state level, intentionally designed to exclude workers of color, in particular Black workers, and permanently carve them out of economic protections being afforded to white workers. Early in 2021, The Raise the Wage Act (H.R. Like most legislation from this era, it was a compromise with racist southern Democrats who successfully excluded the disproportionately Black workers in the agricultural and domestic work industries. Annual increases based on the annual percentage change in the CPI-W for the South census region. Kansas City enacted its own minimum wage in 2015 by city ordinance.*. Annual increases based on the first-half-of-the-year to first-half-of-the-year percentage change in the CPI-U for the Boulder-Denver region, beginning 1-1-2021. Annual increases based on the March-to-March change in the CPI-U, U.S. city average, rounded to nearest 5 cents. Prior to July 1, 2019, these tipped minimums were set as percentages of the regular minimum. $15.00, effective 6-1-2023 / Annual indexing beginning 1-1-2024. The small business minimum wage is $12.00 as of 7-1-2022, with $1.00 increases every July 1 until 2026, when the macro minimum wage applies. Democratic Senators should use every tool available to them to swiftly pass this urgently needed legislation. Illinoiss minimum wage law sets a lower minimum wage for workers under age 18 for their first 650 hours of work with any employer. Set at $3.00 per hour less than the regular minimum wage. Im so proud to join with leaders in Congress today as they reintroduce the Raise the Wage Act, which will give tens of millions of working families like mine the raise weso desperately need. Birmingham enacted its own minimum wage in 2015 by city council ordinance. $9.15 to $10.10, effective January 1, 2017 (reverted to $7.25 in March 2017)*, The Johnson County minimum wage reverted to $7.25 in March 2017 due to state-level preemption of the county ordinance (see Notes). Businesses with 26-99 employees are subject to a minimum wage of $15.53, effective January 1, 2022; and annual indexing each January 1 thereafter. Examples: "Trade Relations", "Export Controls", Examples: hr5, h.r.5, sjres8, sa2, pl116-21, 86Stat1326, Examples: trade sanctions reform, small modular reactor, Examples: hr5, h.r.5, sjres8, s2, 90stat2495, Examples: hr5021, H.Res.866, sconres15, S.51, 117pl2, 117-2, Examples: "enrolled bill signed", "leak detection dog", Examples: general, "deputy under secretary", Examples: baseball, "standing rules", "Presidential Address", Examples: EC6228, r12313, PM45, PT83, ML160, Examples: "trade relations", "Export Control Act".

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