When we tune our instruments, we are setting these notes to these specific frequencies. this file is a collection of individual sheets covering a bunch of lessons on music theory. We can go less than a half step by bending a string to make it a quarter step higher, but in western culture the half step is generally considered the smallest measurable interval. It is comprised solely of half steps. Intervals Interval is a term that means the distance between two notes. The numbers to the left of the diagram tell you what string it is. As you understood the concept better, you didn't need to memorize as much. Now let's move on to scales and how to build them. This change in conditions causes the wood to expand or contract and thus the distances change as well. So here is our scale with the intervals.

If we were to play the 5th fret 4th string and then play the 9th fret 4th string, these two notes would be a major 3rd apart. 1 2 3 4 5 6 G 5 7 9 7 9 D 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 G D 5 Interval Quiz 12 12 the minor 6th The minor 6th interval is equal to eight half steps. F sharp is one fret 5 G higher than F and G flat is one fret 6 F 5 7 9 lower than G. F sharp and G flat are F! MU, My favorites are progressive and symphonic metal.

It is a formula that is often referred to as "well tempered tuning". He has written several instructional courses including Introduction to Blues Guitar Book & DVD, Introduction to Rock Guitar Book & DVD, The Acoustic Rock Guitar Book & DVD, The Guitarist's Tablature Book, The Guitarist's Chord Book, The Guitarist's Scale Book, The Guitarist's Lick Book & DVD, and the Let's Jam! page 6 page 7 page 10 page 16 page 16 the music alphabet and pitch Before learning about intervals, we must understand the music alphabet. 1 2 3 4 B G 5 6 5 7 Major 3rd 9 12 Major 3rd By the way, I am choosing notes at random to demonstrate intervals. Each degree is given a number. Sharping the F gives us the right sequence to create a minor scale. %PDF-1.6 % In guitar tablature, each line represents a string on the guitar. h 20 The notes in this scale are G A B C D E F !

; mm mm mm mmm mmmm mmmm "tmmm tmmm tmm tm "tm t t "t ============ 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 m m m m m m m m nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn m m m m m nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn m m m m m m m m m m 3 5 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 3 5 6 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 3 5 6. They both mean the same thing, so learn them both. We could stop at one or two octaves, but the other notes are very accessible from this shape and fit the hand well. If you compare the first twelve notes of this exercise with the previous exercise, you will see they are the same. The open 5th string to the 10th fret 5th string is a minor 7th interval. Study the examples below until you understand them thoroughly. This clear, step by step method includes many examples, large and easy to read notation and tablature, and a sequence of instruction that has been meticulously developed and tested over a twenty year period. major Tip B" major B",E" E" major B",E",A" F!,C!,G! Any major scale can be constructed using this definition. Tablature is a system for writing music that shows the proper string and fret to play and which fingers to use. Use the audio example and try to distinguish minor 3rds from major 3rds. What are scales and how are they defined? C D E whole whole half F G whole A whole B whole half C A major scale has seven notes and the intervals that make up the scale are whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half.

play open string don't strum x o Am 2 3 1 chord name " x Dm7 5 x o 5 fret numbers A E AC E 1 3 2 4 notes played This neck diagram is sideways.

File size 67MB, MUSIC THEORY for hello! This is a great exercise as well. You might have played a keyboard before and noticed there are no black keys between these notes. In some scales this may prove difficult, but for 99% of the time this will be our practice.

v CONTENTS Playing-Related Injury in Guitarists Playing Popular, Music Theory May Have Been Confusing & Boring Until Now Music Theory Guide, Music Theory Chart &, Wednesday November 19, 2014. You will no longer have to memorize every note of a solo because you understand it better.

Any notes four half steps apart is a major 3rd. [emailprotected]

PDF file Division of Composition, Music Theory, and Musicology .

Minor 3rd Minor 3rd If you played the 4th fret 6th string and then played the 1st fret 6th string, they would still be a minor 3rd apart since an interval is measured from the lower of the two notes. For example, try the 7th fret 2nd string and the 9th fret 1st string. The letters underneath the chord are telling you what notes are in the chord. What are relative minor and major?

The Half step or minor 2nd The half step interval is the smallest measurable unit we generally play and is equal to 1 fret on the guitar. D major A major E major F! Now take a look at all the other major scales you know. The half steps fall between B and C and between E and F. Remember E and F and B and C are right next to each other. (A B C D E F G)( A B C D E F G) We can then go as high or as low as the instrument will take us. What solos or chord progressions focus on particular intervals? The small x on top of the chord diagram means don't strum this string because it would be a note that is not in the chord. Any copying, arranging, or adapting of this work without the consent of the owner is an infringement of copyright. C major No sharps or flats G major F!,C! It has to do with math and the number of frequencies. 1st String 2nd String 3rd String 4th String 5th String 6th String 1st string open (not fretted) 3rd string fretted @ 2nd fret 2nd string fretted @ 3rd fret 6th string open (not fretted) The music will be divided into two sets of lines (staffs) with guitar notation on the top line and tablature on the bottom line. The F major scale consists of F G A B " C D E F. Correct F G A whole whole half B " C whole D whole E whole half F Once again, we have used an accidental (a sharp or flat), this time a flat. You may be asking yourself why it is called perfect. These are the same two notes as before. Another way to play minor 3rds is across two strings. Remember that I am choosing random places to play these intervals and you should investigate perfect 5th intervals at different places on the guitar.

If the string is to be fretted, the fret number is written on the appropriate line. The o means play the open string. This means the note is a half step or one fret higher. The 1st fret 6th string to the 12th fret 6th string is a major 7th. What is the importance of learning intervals? He was raised in Michigan and went to college at the University of Georgia, where he majored in classical guitar performance.

As a side note, many people have asked me why the tuning of the open strings are set up this way. Playing the 2nd fret 4th string and the 10th fret 4th string would be a minor 6th interval. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A C 5 1 2 3 4 7 9 12 7 9 12 A C 5 6 5 Interval Quiz 13 The minor 7th The minor 7th is equal to ten half steps or ten frets. Scales are used to solo, create melodies, connect chords together, and they are the very foundation for the chords we play.

To make them relevant to your playing, you must spend time experimenting with intervals. The C major scale is the best major scale to start with.

The same goes for E and F. All the other notes are a whole step apart. That is the "minor" sound.

Guitar Notation Guitar Tab The Guitar neck E A D G B f c b e a G c f d b a d G c e f b e a d c f G b e d G c f a E f G a b c d e a d G b e Memorize the notes on the guitar neck. Tip If you wish to learn more about scales, purchase The Guitarist's Scale Book by Watch & Learn. It should be noted, however, that the guitar is never really perfectly in tune. Chord Chart Chord and neck diagrams are used throughout this book. Let's get started 4 E F B C with the most easy to understand 5 E F B C scale, the chromatic scale. These products, which have dramatically improved the understanding and success of all guitar players, have evolved into Watch & Learn products that continue to set the standard of music instruction today with sales of almost 2 million products since 1979. F! If you were at the 1st fret 6th string and went up to the 2nd fret 6th string, you would have gone up a half step.

The numbers on the bottom of the diagram are fret numbers to help you spot the fret location easily. When we improvise, it would be good to see all these notes and understand they are all in the key of G or all in the G major scale. It is twice the frequency. 1 2 3 4 5 6 F 1 2 3 4 E 5 7 9 12 9 12 B C 5 6 5 7 Interval Quiz Tip There are no hands too big or too small for guitar, only better technique. A B C E F G C D It may be confusing that the scale goes across several strings. ! Minor 3rd 1 2 3 4 Minor 3rd B" G 5 6 5 7 9 Minor 3rd on same string 12 At this point, if you don't know the names of the notes on the guitar, you need to learn them (page 3).

This practice falls under the auspices of ear training. When we arrive at a letter a second time, it is twice as high or low as the previous one. Whenever transporting a guitar, be sure and use a guitar case or gig bag. Otherwise, a 0 is written. It is difficult to see the intervals this way. The notes in the scale are also referred to as degrees. The Guitarist's Music Theory Book will significantly increase your success and enjoyment while playing the guitar.

1 2 3 4 A E 5 6 5 7 9 12 Another example of a perfect 4th would be the open 5th string and the open 4th string. For example, playing all the half steps from the open 6th string to the 12th fret 6th string, is a chromatic scale.

Understanding music theory will help you establish a firm foundation that will enable you to enjoy guitar playing for many years.

This time we will build a F major scale. D G A E B Tip E B C G A C F! A flat ( ) lowers a note one half step. The circles tell you what fret to place the fingers in and the numbers in the circle tell you what finger to use. If you don't know many, purchase The Guitarist's Scale Book as it contains all the scales you will ever need in one book. This scale starts on A.

If you wish to learn to read music, consult your local music store for a good book or ask your music teacher for an explanation. If you were to play the 2nd fret 5th string and the 3rd fret 4th string, you would again have a tritone. Let's not worry too much about it. There is a world of music available if you can read.

These two notes are a minor 3rd apart. Try the audio example and see if you can tell which is which. A" major B",E",A",D" C! Then learn the notes up through the first five frets on all the strings. Technically, A sharp and B flat are the same note, but as common practice, use each letter only once when writing a scale. The same process applies here. 1 2 3 4 C E 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 5 7 9 12 G B 5 6 The Major 6th The major 6th interval is equal to nine half steps. I'm sure there is an answer out there somewhere as to why it is the standard tuning, but then it's not really that important. Sliding these two notes around the guitar would give us parallel 5ths. The first two notes of the original "NBC Theme" is a major 6th. Tip There are only 12 notes to play but there are an infinite amount of rhythms and dynamics. It is a compromise of sorts. That's pretty easy to see. Picture a string being plucked and vibrating up and down at this rate. Bachelor of Music, Theory Composition, (Guitar lessons) music theory for the rock guitarist - ben bolt mel bay. A very common 1st position chromatic scale on the guitar starts on the open 6th string and then plays all the way up to the 4th fret 1st string. 14 The perfect 8th or octave The perfect 8th or octave is equal to twelve half steps. Tip Heavier gauge strings offer more tone due to their thickness. 1 2 3 4 5 E E 5 1 2 3 4 7 9 12 9 12 A 5 E A 5 7 the unison The unison is simply playing the same note twice. Other examples are the minor scale, the blues scale, the pentatonic scale, the diminished scale, the chromatic scale, and many more. If necessary, refer to this diagram when going through this book. This would be a minor 6th interval. It will also cut down on the time it takes to learn a new song or solo. The 8th fret 2nd string and the 12th fret 3rd string is also a unison. Once again, try to memorize the sound of this interval. 3 frets You could tell any other guitar player to play the note A, three frets higher on the 6th string and they would understand.

That is because the note following E in this sequence must be a whole step higher and F is only a half step higher. You need to know the notes well enough to recall them at a moment's notice. You will hear this term in academia but not very likely by a street trained musician. Starting at the 1st fret 6th string and going up to the 3rd fret 6th string would be one whole step.

If we slid them both up two frets to the 7th fret 4th string and the 6th fret 3rd string, they would again be a major 3rd interval. An octave means you have arrived at the same note, but 12 half steps higher. Scales help establish the "key" we are in. 0 One whole step One whole step At this point, you should try to memorize what a half step and whole step sound like. 22 ! The major scale is a seven note scale. 1081 0 obj <>stream G D A The guitar was originally designed as a disposable instrument. Apply these intervals to your instrument. 18 12 The chromatic scale The chromatic scale is a twelve note scale. In this section, we will learn about all of the intervals, starting with the most important of them all, the half step.

For example, play the 4th fret 3rd string and the 3rd fret 1st string. Understanding Basic Music Theory See the examples on the next page. What are the harmonic and melodic minor scales?

A sharp ( ) raises a note one half step or one fret. Click this icon to hear the companion audio tracks.

C whole D whole E whole half F Using a sharp would cause too much confusion as we get into bigger issues with music theory. A 1st position chromatic scale.

This will help you tremendously throughout this book and throughout all your future guitar playing. A list of correct answers is in the back of the book. 16 Section 3 Scales What are sharps and flats? If we were to write it out on one string it would look like this. Peter has set up and directed six different schools of music in the Atlanta area and currently works at Jan Smith Studios as a session player and guitar instructor. It is important to recognize intervals across two or three strings. We only use seven letters of our English alphabet to make up the music alphabet. The next A we come to is one octave higher and would vibrate twice as fast. This will be a tremendous advantage later. This interval becomes incredibly important in how we create tension and release in music. That's all there is to it. Copyright 2007 by, Views 1,433 Here is a one octave C major scale. The C minor scale has three flats in it - E flat, B flat, and A flat.

(the m in Em stands for minor) !

Arriving at G, we may proceed by starting with A again. ]U`&*}x_J}K)IM+{PH?nzRjo_Vx;)kHd~#4R]H+Q\D|*88e\?x"m9JO$i4 E" %\S1%- +fJI?jL4L4U^ m&xpe Ij exP#(Ry|A9G>gm|(;U"K(YYD Try this exercise with all intervals we are learning. Example A one octave chromatic scale up the 6th string. CD Series (seven different jam along CDs). 1 2 3 4 B G 5 6 5 7 9 12 Major 3rd Major 3rd Additionally, if we were to play the 5th fret 4th string and the 4th fret 3rd string, we would also have a major 3rd interval. Copyright 2007 by Watch & Learn, Inc., First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. There are many types of scales with many different names and uses, but the major scale is by far the most common. The minor 3rd interval The minor 3rd is equal to three half steps or three frets. Playing the 3rd fret 5th string and the 12th fret 5th string would give you a major 6th interval. "Key signature" means the sharps or flats that make up the scale. You will greatly enhance your understanding of music. It cannot be copied, sold, rented, loaned, or distributed in any, Understanding Basic Music Theory Collection edited by: Catherine Schmidt-Jones 17 page 18 page 18 page 26 page 29-31 page 33 page 43 What is a scale A scale is a series of single notes.

For ease, we often refer to the natural minor scale simply as the minor scale. Tip It is better to practice a little every day than cram the day before a lesson. A half step, once again, is equal to one fret. From the open 6th string to the 12th fret 6th string is a octave. 10 The Perfect 4th The perfect 4th is equal to five half steps. ?AQ4HG}}owY|g(G{KgQ5"CiKMt Chromatic Example 2.

The 6th string is the lowest and thickest string on the guitar. As you progress on guitar, focus on this concept.

If we wanted to build a G major scale, we would simply start on the note G and build the scale with the correct intervals. In other words, these sounds aren't random like the wind or noise. Sharps and flats ! " Most players will use the term whole step. 1 2 3 4 G A 6 5 1 2 3 4 7 9 12 9 12 G A 5 6 5 7 The major 7th The major 7th interval is equal to eleven half steps. This scale spans over two octaves, but if you examine the notes, they are all the notes in the G major scale. The 5th fret 3rd string to the 7th fret 1st string is also a major 7th interval. Downloads 305 The sounds we hear when singing or playing most instruments are called definite pitches. F! Let's look at this scale. What is parallel motion of intervals? Address: Copyright 2022 PDFCOFFEE.COM. The E minor scale has one sharp in it, F sharp. G A B whole whole half C D whole E whole F ! This way, when we discuss specific notes, you won't be hung up on where to find the note, but are able to concentrate on the concept we are learning. It would be just as correct to say two half steps, but as you will see, every interval will have it's own name.

Ronald F. Clayton

Listen to the audio track for an example of parallel 5ths. How can they be found easily?

Now let's look at a common G major scale. The guitarist's music theory book by Peter Vogl Play it forwards and backwards.

The motion I have just described is called parallel 3rds.

If you had said go up a minor 3rd and the other player knew what intervals were, they would arrive at the same note no matter what instrument they played. 1 2 3 4 B A 6 whole C half D whole 5 E whole 7 23 F half G 9 whole A whole 12 the e minor scale Now let's use this sequence of half steps and whole steps to build the Em scale. One whole step One whole step Another example of a whole step might be the open 5th string to the 2nd fret 5th string. We have simply repeated them. Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. The series of notes and the intervals used to build the major scale are what defines this scale. Colle, The guitarist's music theory book by Peter Vogl Click this icon to hear the companion audio tracks. You should memorize these. ! Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. We could play them one after the other from lowest to highest or highest to lowest. Instead of using the word frets, we employ another term that is meaningful to all instruments. whole 1 2 C 3 4 whole D half E whole F whole G A whole half B C 5 6 5 7 9 12 The above single string representation makes it much easier to understand, but not that great to play.

We will discuss this concept later. G. The note F has a sharp next to it. The fret between 23 F and G could be called either F 4 sharp or G flat. I use this example because when people first start with music theory, the open strings can confuse them. The intervals that make up the minor scale are whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole. F major B" B major F!,C!,G!,D! This is because the distances between the saddle, frets, and nut needs to be precise.

E F 5 Tip B 7 C 9 B and C and E and F are always a half step apart.

Because this book isn't an ear training book, you will need to refer to other resources to learn to recognize intervals. The first two notes of "There's a Place for Us" is a minor 7th. 19 The Major Scale The major scale is perhaps the most important scale to understand. Listen to the audio example for this demonstration.

Below is a listing of all the major scales and their key signatures. The circles represent fret placement on that string and tell you what note is being played. Table of Contents Page Section 1 - Getting Started Tablature The Guitar Chord Diagrams 2 3 4 Section 2 - Intervals The Musical Alphabet The Half Step The Whole Step/Quiz The Minor 3rd The Major 3rd/Quiz The Perfect 4th The Tritone The Perfect 5th/Quiz The Minor 6th The Major 6th/Quiz The Minor 7th The Major 7th/Quiz The Octave The Unison/Quiz Conclusion of Intervals Section 3 - Scales 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 2-3 4 5-6 7 8-9 10 11 12-13 14 15-16 17 18-19 20 21-22 23 What is a Scale/Sharps and Flats The Chromatic Scale The Major Scale The Minor Scale Enharmonic Scales Relative Major and Minor Parallel Major and Minor Harmonic Minor Melodic Minor Using Major and Minor Scales Minor Pentatonic Scales 18 19 20-22 23-25 25 26-27 28 29 30-31 32 ii33-36 24-25 26-30 31-33 34-35 36 37-38 39-40 41-44 Page Major Pentatonic Scales The Blues Scale What is a Lick or Riff 37-38 41 43 45-48 49 50 45 46-48 49-50 51 52 53 54 55 51 52-55 56-58 59-60 61-62 63 64 65 Section 4 - Chords Four Qualities of Chords The Major Chord The Minor Chord The Diminished Chord The Augmented Chord Comparing the Four Qualities More Complex Chords Arpeggios Section 5 - Chords and Scales Chords in Major Keys Chords in Minor Keys Chords from Harmonic Minor Chords from Melodic Minor Summary of Chords and Scales 57-61 62 63 64 65 66-67 68 69 70 Section 6 - Chord progressions The 1-5 Chord Progression Special Function of the 5 Chord Tension and Release The 1-4-5 Chord Progression The 2-5-1 Chord Progression The 1-6-2-5 Chord Progression Summary of Chord Progressions 67-69 70 71-72 73-75 77-78 79 80 71-74 75 76 77-79 80-83 84-85 Section 7 - Reading charts /Nashville Number system Sample Chart Explanation of Chart Conclusion and Quiz Answers 82 83 iii84 86 87 INTRODUCTION The Guitarist's Music Theory Book is designed to help all guitar players achieve a better understanding of the guitar and of the music they play. A B whole half C whole D E whole half F whole G A whole Here is the scale on a single string to make it easier to see. Scales are defined by the number of notes that comprise them and by the series of intervals it takes to build them. These are the same notes, but now played on the same string. Notice there are no sharps or flats in this scale. The first shape we looked at is a common shape to play because it fits the hand so well and stays in one area of the neck. major F!,C!,G!,D!,A!,E!,B! interval summary Intervals are the ground floor of harmonic music theory. He also did post graduate work at James Madison University. whole half G Let's build one more major scale together. You could play the 5th fret 4th string and the 3rd fret 3rd string. Watch & Learn Products Really Work Twenty five years ago, Watch & Learn revolutionized music instructional courses by developing step by step instructional methods that were tested thoroughly on students before publication. ABCDEFG Once we have used all the letters, we simply start over again.

Unfortunately, if you told the same thing to a flute player or a singer, they wouldn't know what to do. It has no less than three names and is probably called by more.

11 1 2 3 4 5 F B 6 1 2 3 4 5 B 5 7 9 12 5 7 9 12 F 6 The perfect 5th This is the second of three perfect intervals. Examine the notes in these scales up and down the neck. The first two notes of "Somewhere over the Rainbow" is an octave. For example, the first two notes of "Silent Night" is a whole step. This will help us to apply our music theory to the instrument. The 3rd fret 6th string and the 10th fret 6th string would be a perfect 5th. From the open 5th to the 1st fret is a half step, and one fret higher is a whole step. One half step The whole step or major 2nd The whole step is equal to two half steps. A perfect 5th is equal to seven half steps. The C major scale contains the notes C D E F G A B C. The last C is the first note of the scale repeated, so there are seven notes in this scale. ;.$O_)8(C`TlPS/qav18 btRg.J.Oh]!Ab8X]^P)9\Z/U'UJu5sr5> The major 3rd interval The major 3rd interval is equal to four half steps. D" major B",E",A",D",G" F!,C!,G!,D!,A! 12 There are sharps and flats between all of our notes with the exception of E to F and B to C. E and F are right next to each other and so are B and C. This is true on all instruments. Tip Use a metronome or drum machine to practice playing in time. Interval Quiz Tip Relaxation is a must for better technique. Interval Quiz Tip Electronic tuners are the best way to tune a guitar. Dream Theater, Symphony X, After Forever, A Perfect Circle, Adagio, Ev, This eBook is under international copyright protection. You can find many products and web sites that will help you with ear training. Let's examine the A minor scale. PZB]E .Z@)E\PCX$Q! Scales, chords, melodies, and solos are all dependent upon an understanding of what intervals are and what they sound like. What is an interval? Theory of Music, Popular Music Theory, Theoretical Music Literacy Syllabus Theory of Music, Theory of Music, Popular Music Theory, Theoretical Diplomas Literacy Syllabus Theory of Music, Popular Music Theory, Theoretical Diplomas 2013 - 2015, Music Theory - Intermediate - Theory - Chord Progressions and Tonality Basic Music Theory Intermediate Music Theory this document Advanced. Now let's examine the intervals that make up this scale. On any instrument, B and C are only a half step apart. Here is the G major scale. Use your remote control on the CD player to skip to the track you want.

As a matter of fact, all the open strings are a perfect 4th apart except for the 3rd and the 2nd string, which are a major 3rd apart. Start with the open strings. Look at the diagrams below and make sure you understand all of their elements. So for example, if you were at the 5th fret 6th string with your first note and then at the 8th fret 6th string with your second note, you would be three frets apart. The Diminished 5th, tritone or flat 5 The tritone is equal to six half steps. E whole half G whole A B whole half C whole D E whole the C minor scale Now let's build the C minor scale. If you were to play the 5th fret 2nd string and the 10th fret 2nd string, it would be a perfect 4th interval. They don't have to be played in the same place however.

This interval will be very important when learning about chords. This means this note A vibrates 440 times per second. Frets don't mean anything to those musicians because they don't have them. Software and free web sites exist for this purpose.

1 2 3 4 5 E E 2 3 4 G G 5 7 9 12 7 9 12 E 5 6 Tip 5 Using a music stand will increase your practice time up to 30 percent. Ask a slide player for example. F ! The Natural minor scale The natural minor scale is closely related to, yet the polar opposite of the major scale. . You may also find materials at your local library and local music store. The real answer is there are many tunings used on the guitar and the "standard" tuning we use now hasn't always been it.

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